Sources & rights

Every source this platform draws on, every source it has decided it cannot use, and every request still waiting for an answer. Generated from the same rows the reader renders from, so it cannot drift from what is actually being shown.

Five English translations are cleared for this platform, on two different grounds. Four are here because their copyright terms have expired and can be shown to have expired — Sale (1734), Rodwell (1861), Palmer (1880), Pickthall (1930). The fifth, Talal Itani's ClearQuran (2012), is in copyright and licensed: the translator publishes it under CC BY-ND 4.0 on his own download page, which grants redistribution and withholds modification, so it is rendered verbatim and never altered. It is the only one here whose rights basis is a grant rather than a lapsed term. Other modern translations remain in copyright and out of reach. The platform adds one only where its rights can be shown and recorded — as Itani's were — never where they would have to be assumed.

None of the five is here because it was judged the best English version. The five are shown newest first, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement - no translation here is marked as the correct one. They do not agree with one another, and the platform does not resolve that.

Palmer's printing has no text at seven verses, and those seven verses say so. At 4:28 Rodwell's printing sets the verse on the same line as 4:27, and both verses say so.

Four of the five prefaced their work with a statement of what they set out to do, and those statements are quoted below in full, with the edition each was read from, so that a reader can see who is speaking before weighing what was written. Itani's own statement of what he set out to do is from ClearQuran's About page rather than a preface, and is quoted under Who translated this. One of the four, Pickthall, wrote in his own foreword that his was "the first English translation of the Koran by an Englishman who is a Muslim". Quoting a translator's stated purpose is not endorsing it.

Who translated this

George Sale, 1734

An English orientalist who practised as a solicitor. The only English Koran before his was Alexander Ross's of 1649, made from André Du Ryer's French; Sale's title page calls his “Translated into English from the Original Arabic”. He acknowledged himself “much obliged” to the Latin translation Ludovico Marracci published in 1698, “together with the original text, accompanied by explanatory notes and a refutation”.

Sources: Dictionary of National Biography (1897), “Sale, George” · Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), “Sale, George” · Sale, The Koran, title page and “To the Reader” (Project Gutenberg #7440)

J. M. Rodwell, 1861

A clergyman, rector of St Ethelburga's, Bishopsgate, in London from 1843 until his death. His preface argues at length that Muhammad took material for the Koran from Jewish and Christian traditions, and his notes point to parallels in the Talmud and other rabbinic writings. This site carries his verse text only, not his notes.

Sources: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement, “Rodwell, John Medows” · Rodwell, The Koran, Preface and notes (Project Gutenberg #3434)

E. H. Palmer, 1880

Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic at Cambridge from 1871, and a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, from 1867.

Sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), “Palmer, Edward Henry” · Dictionary of National Biography (1895), “Palmer, Edward Henry”

Marmaduke Pickthall, 1930

A novelist and journalist, who publicly declared his acceptance of Islam in November 1917. In his foreword he wrote that almost all earlier translations used “a style of language which Muslims at once recognise as unworthy”, and that in his own “every effort has been made to choose befitting language”.

Sources: Modernist Journals Project, “Pickthall, Marmaduke William (1875-1936)” · Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (1930), Translator’s Foreword

Talal Itani, 2012

In his own account, an electronics engineer, software developer and writer, born in 1961 in Beirut, who moved to the United States at 18. He wanted a translation that was “clear, easy to read, in modern English” and that “closely follows the Arabic text”, and he published ClearQuran in May 2012. It is the only one of the five still in copyright, and it is shown here under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-ND 4.0), which permits showing it complete and unaltered, with attribution.

Sources: ClearQuran, About Talal Itani · Creative Commons, CC BY-ND 4.0

Why we kept the unfriendly ones

It would be easy to show one modern, readable, sympathetic translation and leave it there.

The problem is that you would then be taking one person's word for it.

Sale wrote as a Christian opponent of the Koran: he said an accurate version was needed “to enable us effectually to expose the imposture”, and he also said he had “endeavoured to do the original impartial justice”. Rodwell did not accept it as revelation - “not in the Christian sense a Revelation” - and he also wrote that it “deserves the highest praise for its conceptions of the Divine nature”. Palmer wrote as a scholar, setting aside “the theories of imposture and enthusiasm, as well as that of divine inspiration”. So when those three render a verse the same way Pickthall and Itani do, that agreement is worth something. People with no reason to agree, agreeing.

And when they don't agree, you see that too. We show you the disagreement rather than settling it. That is usually the most interesting thing on the page.

Sources: the quotations are from the prefaces and introduction cited under Who translated this, and Palmer's from The Qur'ân, Part I, Sacred Books of the East vol. VI (1880), Introduction, p. xlvi.

1 closed unusable13 cleared18 Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)6 unresolved2 pending request

What “Digest” means

Every source below was ingested from a file. Digest is the SHA-256 of that file — the one linked under Located at, byte for byte, with nothing normalised, reordered or stripped before hashing.

Check it yourself Download the file at Located at and run sha256sum on it (shasum -a 256 on a Mac, Get-FileHash on Windows). It should equal the digest shown here, which is printed truncated for width.

What it proves That the file we ingested is the file that source publishes — that we did not quietly swap the edition underneath a translator’s name.

What it does not prove That the text on the page still matches that file. The digest measures the source file, not the verses as stored and displayed. A separate check does that for the Arabic text; the translations do not currently carry one, and this page will say so when they do.

Where a digest is missing No single file was banked for that source, or it was not ingested from one. The absence is shown rather than filled with a placeholder.

In use

Licence read, terms permit our use, attribution rendered on every page that uses them.

Tanzil Qur'an text (Simple) cleared

Edition: Simple, Version 1.1
Custodian: Tanzil Project
Layer: canonical text
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Commercial use: yes
Modification: contradictory
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: d9b5bad94e4725191aa8da9a…
Located at: https://tanzil.net/pub/download/index.php?quranType=simple&outType=xml
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.

On the licence Read verbatim from the copyright block embedded in the ingested file. The file names CC BY 3.0, which permits derivative works, and then states "CHANGING IT IS NOT ALLOWED". Both cannot be operative. Recorded as contradictory rather than resolved. We comply with the stricter reading: the Qur'anic text is reproduced verbatim and is never normalised by us. See RIGHTS-AUDIT.md Note A.

Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) cleared

Edition: Uthmani, Version 1.1
Custodian: Tanzil Project
Layer: canonical text
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Commercial use: yes
Modification: contradictory
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 203f0f1bf3158b1e5be4ab9f…
Located at: https://tanzil.net/pub/download/index.php?quranType=uthmani&outType=xml
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.

Camel Morph MSA cleared

Edition: v1.0, LREC-COLING 2024 release
Custodian: CAMeL Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi
Layer: metadata
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: terms page read
Located at: https://github.com/CAMeL-Lab/camel_morph
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED and ingested per board ruling. This is the ONLY CAMeL package used. CAMeL's own data catalogue licenses morphology-db-msa-s31 as "LDC" and the r13 databases as GPL v2; neither is installed. Corroborating detail: camel_tools ships a post-install step that calls muddler.unmuddle, the mechanism for reconstructing LDC-derived databases from an original the user must already own — which is what an LDC-encumbered distribution looks like from the inside.

On the licence The camel_morph repository states its data and code licences separately: the data files under CC BY 4.0 and the code under MIT. Commercial use permitted, derivatives permitted, attribution required. Read from the repository README. NOT established: whether the lexicon was seeded from SAMA. The LREC-COLING 2024 abstract benchmarks against SAMA but does not state provenance, and the full PDF was not read.

Tanzil Qur'an metadata cleared

Edition: quran-data.xml v1.0
Custodian: Tanzil Project
Layer: metadata
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution — version not specified by the source
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 8867c1d88191472adec9db69…
Located at: https://tanzil.net/res/text/metadata/quran-data.xml
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED. Supplies surah names, ayah counts, Makki/Madani classification, revelation order and ruku counts. Note that Makki/Madani and revelation order are themselves traditional scholarly positions, not neutral facts, and are disputed for a number of surahs. They are stored here as this one named source states them. Competing classifications belong in a future surah_classification_claims table, one row per asserter.

On the licence quran-data.xml declares license="cc-by" as an attribute of its root element, with no version. No CC BY version URL is asserted here because the source does not state one. An unversioned declaration is an honest gap, not a licence to guess at.

Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an cleared

Edition: 1880 translation, digital edition of unverified printing
Custodian: None — public domain work
Layer: translation
Licence: Public domain — copyright term expired
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: not applicable — no licence exists
Digest: 32b2330e332339ace5350953…
Located at: https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fawazahmed0/quran-api@6be8e17f2a0c13b1f33b1c3057f73cb28d5e848e/editions/eng-edwardhenrypalm.json
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.

Why it is free of copyright Died 1882; published 1880 in the Sacred Books of the East, Clarendon Press. Public domain: life+70 expired 1 January 1953, and the US 95-year term on an 1880 work expired in 1975.

In the translator's own words

I have, therefore, endeavoured to take a middle course; I have translated each sentence as literally as the difference in structure between the two languages would allow, and when possible I have rendered it word for word. … I am fully sensible of the shortcomings of my own version, but if I have succeeded in my endeavour to set before the reader plainly what the Qur'ân is, and what it contains, my aim will have been accomplished.

E. H. Palmer, Introduction to The Qur'ân, Part I, Sacred Books of the East vol. VI (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880), pp. lxxvii–lxxx, signed 'E. H. Palmer, St. John's College, Cambridge, March, 1880'. Read from the Internet Archive scan of the Asiatic Society of Bombay copy. Two passages from the same introduction, joined by an ellipsis; neither is paraphrased. source

On the licence No licence exists or is needed; the basis is term expiry, verified per work rather than assumed. Each source row records its own term calculation by author death date and by the US 95-year-from-publication rule. attribution_required is false as a matter of law; attribution renders regardless, because this project shows its receipts whether or not it is compelled to.

George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an cleared

Edition: 1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing
Custodian: None — public domain work
Layer: translation
Licence: Public domain — copyright term expired
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: not applicable — no licence exists
Digest: 05b679f5df49b0579e65f4b8…
Located at: https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fawazahmed0/quran-api@6be8e17f2a0c13b1f33b1c3057f73cb28d5e848e/editions/eng-georgesale.json
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.

Why it is free of copyright Died 1736; first published 1734. Public domain everywhere: the author has been dead 290 years and the US 95-year term on a 1734 work expired long before any modern statute.

In the translator's own words

The Protestants alone are able to attack the Korân with success; and for them, I trust, Providence has reserved the glory of its overthrow.

George Sale, 'To the Reader', prefixed to The Koran, Commonly Called The Alcoran of Mohammed (London, 1734). Read from the Project Gutenberg transcription, ebook #7440. source

John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an cleared

Edition: 1861 translation, digital edition of unverified printing
Custodian: None — public domain work
Layer: translation
Licence: Public domain — copyright term expired
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: not applicable — no licence exists
Digest: 91423dea6a6dccc192457870…
Located at: https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fawazahmed0/quran-api@6be8e17f2a0c13b1f33b1c3057f73cb28d5e848e/editions/eng-johnmedowsrodwe.json
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.

Why it is free of copyright Died 1900; first published 1861. Public domain: life+70 expired 1 January 1971, and the US 95-year term on an 1861 work expired in 1956.

In the translator's own words

He was probably, more or less, throughout his whole career, the victim of a certain amount of self-deception. … though it contains fantastic visions and legends, teaches a childish ceremonial, and justifies bloodshedding, persecution…

J. M. Rodwell, Preface to The Koran (London, 1861). Read from the Project Gutenberg transcription, ebook #3434. Two sentences from the same preface, joined by an ellipsis; neither is paraphrased. source

Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran cleared

Edition: 1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing
Custodian: None — public domain work
Layer: translation
Licence: Public domain — copyright term expired
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: not applicable — no licence exists
Digest: aaff752d4349005282d977ee…
Located at: https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fawazahmed0/quran-api@6be8e17f2a0c13b1f33b1c3057f73cb28d5e848e/editions/eng-mohammedmarmadu.json
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.

Why it is free of copyright Died 19 May 1936. Translation first published 1930. Public domain by term expiry in every jurisdiction checked, including the United States as of 1 January 2026.

In the translator's own words

The aim of this work is to present to English readers what Muslims the world over hold to be the meaning of the words of the Koran, and the nature of that Book, in not unworthy language and concisely, with a view to the requirements of English Muslims.

Marmaduke Pickthall, Translator's Foreword to The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London, 1930), opening sentence. Read from the Wikisource transcription of the 1930 foreword, not collated against a page scan of that printing — the same standard as the Sale and Rodwell citations, which are read from Project Gutenberg transcriptions. source

Talal Itani, ClearQuran cleared

Edition: ClearQuran, "God" edition, EPUB
Custodian: Talal Itani / ClearQuran.com
Layer: translation
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Commercial use: yes
Modification: no
Licence text: terms page read
Digest: 70b0a8bb6f862f43670f7da1…
Located at: https://www.clearquran.com/downloads/quran-in-english-clearquran.epub
Retrieved: 7 September 2026

CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.

Why it is free of copyright In copyright and licensed, not public domain - the only one of the five on this platform whose rights basis is a grant rather than an expired term. CC BY-ND 4.0: redistribution granted, modification withheld.

On the licence Read first-hand at blog.clearquran.com/download on 2026-09-07, verbatim: "These Quran files are free to use, share, and distribute - including in commercial projects - with no permission or authorization required. When sharing, please keep the files unmodified and credit the source as shown below. They are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0). How to credit: Please attribute the work as 'Translation by Talal Itani, ClearQuran.com'." The translator's own About page adds: "I chose not to copyright the translation but to provide it under the Creative Commons License." NoDerivatives is the live restriction: the text is stored and rendered verbatim, and the attribution string above is the one the licensor asked for, quoted rather than composed.

Superseded Asked of Talal Itani / ClearQuran on 25 Aug 2026: One question. Which of his two published licences governs the files on his download page today: the page grants CC BY-ND 4.0 and says commercial projects are included, while the files themselves say NonCommercial and NoDerivs. Sent 2026-08-25 by Anwar, the letter being letters/clearquran-itani.md, to an address verified by two independent sightings on the custodian's own artefacts. NO REPLY WAS EVER RECEIVED. Superseded 2026-09-07 by reading the licensor's own download page first-hand: CC BY-ND 4.0, commercial use expressly granted. Clearance did not wait for a reply, on the judgement that a licence the licensor publishes himself is a grant a reader can verify without a private one. Closed before the 2026-09-14 follow-up fell due and not chased. The letter was sent and stands as sent; it was not withdrawn. See RIGHTS-AUDIT.md Note Q and PENDING-REQUESTS.md entry 5.

Amiri cleared

Edition: v30 (Google Fonts build)
Custodian: The Amiri Project Authors
Layer: typeface
Licence: SIL Open Font License 1.1
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: read verbatim
Located at: https://github.com/aliftype/amiri
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

Chosen because system fonts render Uthmani script with full diacritics badly and it shows immediately. Licence read verbatim from the project's own OFL.txt.

On the licence Read verbatim from each project's own repository, not from a font host. The grant is explicit: "to use, study, copy, merge, embed, modify, redistribute, and sell modified and unmodified copies of the Font Software". No non-commercial clause appears in any of the four. The conditions are that the copyright notice travels with the font and that a Reserved Font Name is not reused on a modified version.

IBM Plex Mono cleared

Edition: v19 (Google Fonts build)
Custodian: IBM Corp.
Layer: typeface
Licence: SIL Open Font License 1.1
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: read verbatim
Located at: https://github.com/IBM/plex
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

Labels and sigla. Reserved Font Name "Plex": we ship it unmodified, so the restriction does not bind us.

Source Serif 4 cleared

Edition: v8 (Google Fonts build)
Custodian: Adobe
Layer: typeface
Licence: SIL Open Font License 1.1
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: read verbatim
Located at: https://github.com/adobe-fonts/source-serif
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

Body text. Licence read verbatim from the project repository.

Spectral cleared

Edition: v13 (Google Fonts build)
Custodian: The Spectral Project Authors
Layer: typeface
Licence: SIL Open Font License 1.1
Commercial use: yes
Modification: yes
Licence text: read verbatim
Located at: https://github.com/productiontype/Spectral
Retrieved: 24 August 2026

Headings. Licence read verbatim from the project repository.

Other-language translations

These 18 translations are published on QuranEnc.com, which allows them to be republished unchanged, with credit and version. We use them on those terms. We have not seen a grant from the translators themselves, so we list them as risk-accepted, not licensed. Each is shown exactly as supplied, including the translators' own notes, which are their view, not AALAMIN's.

Albanian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.5 (25/05/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: d6bc053205933f0da3e328d3…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/albanian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Bengali Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.1.2 (27/08/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: fafb8cbd6eb830d19fb815a7…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/bengali_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Bosnian Translation - Rowwad Translation Centre Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V2.0.4 (04/03/2025)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: c244c3b5c2507dce0eeab5e3…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/bosnian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Croatian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.1 (25/05/2025)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: ed634073f50e23d3faaaa8b1…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/croatian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Fulani Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.2 (14/10/2024)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 50890f40f584ddbfb06d4fdd…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/fulani_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Georgian Translation Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.7 (28/07/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 846434676b60c6c7f6f81210…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/georgian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

German Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.15 (26/07/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 4c3ac5202ea521f8669e543c…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/german_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Greek Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.2 (02/09/2024)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 18d722b8976bc4a4b1c93d9d…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/greek_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Hindi Translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.1.5 (05/08/2025)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 89cefc0beb94fd9956d1fdbb…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/hindi_omari/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Italian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.2 (29/08/2022)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 4d7b45d419770f6900582da2…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/italian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Lithuanian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.8 (23/07/2024)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: a9879e29b693d7aa86d2ea5c…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/lithuanian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Oromo Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.0 (16/07/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 77633456152d272401968fe9…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/oromo_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Russian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.1 (29/03/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 701353d77d2456ee4e091416…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/russian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Serbian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.4 (01/04/2024)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 9a26e6241fc8fff4e1655562…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/serbian_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.5 (17/12/2025)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 36aaa75b6346d97e43371ccb…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/swahili_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Swedish Translation - Rowad Translation Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.2 (28/06/2026)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: da7afc2734772231b2aa06f6…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/swedish_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Turkish Translation - Rowwad Translation Center Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.0.4 (28/09/2025)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 3ded2bbe2c9a84b2eb6ea1b6…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/turkish_rwwad/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Urdu Translation - Muhammad Junagarhi Risk-accepted (Rule 9b)

Edition: QuranEnc V1.1.3 (13/08/2025)
Custodian: QuranEnc.com
Layer: translation
Licence: QuranEnc.com Terms and Policies
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Digest: 76255255bd972d7129dc5eba…
Located at: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/urdu_junagarhi/{1..114}
Retrieved: 2 October 2026

Circassian (Rowwad Translation Center): held. The text QuranEnc supplies is incomplete, 640 of 6,236 verses, so we don't show it.

Asked — awaiting reply

A request has been sent and no answer has arrived. Nothing is ingested from these. A request sent is not a request granted.

OpenITI corpus pending request

Edition: v2022.1.6 (Zenodo 10.5281/zenodo.6808108)
Custodian: OpenITI (AKU-ISMC, Vienna, Leipzig, Maryland)
Layer: traditional
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Commercial use: no
Modification: yes
Licence text: terms page read
Located at: https://zenodo.org/records/6808108
Assessed: 24 August 2026

The best machine-readable classical Arabic corpus available, and unusable as published. Commercially permitting terms requested 2026-08-24.

On the licence Read from the corpus's DOI-backed Zenodo record. Unusable under the standing assume-commercial posture, and ShareAlike propagates to anything derived from it. The GitHub repository separately reports no licence at all, a discrepancy raised with the maintainers.

Sent 24 Aug 2026 Asked of OpenITI: Commercially permitting terms for named classical works, as an alternative to the corpus-wide CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Unblocks Machine-readable classical Arabic at scale. · Follow up 14 Sep 2026 · Channel not recorded

al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul — English pending request

Edition: tr. Mokrane Guezzou, ed. Yousef Meri, 2008
Custodian: Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought
Layer: traditional
Commercial use: no
Modification: no
Licence text: read verbatim
Located at: https://www.altafsir.com/Books/Asbab%20Al-Nuzul%20by%20Al-Wahidi.pdf
Assessed: 24 August 2026

The only complete scholarly English translation of the earliest work in the genre. A licence was requested 2026-08-24; it could support an occasions layer in English on its own, if one is ever added - this platform does not supply occasion of revelation today, and the request is kept open against that possibility.

On the licence Copyright page read verbatim from the PDF: "The Complete Text (c) 2008 Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Amman, Jordan". All 184 pages were searched for a licence, permission or reproduction grant; there is none. The PDF is downloadable free of charge, which is not a licence.

Sent 24 Aug 2026 Asked of Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Amman: A licence to use the Mokrane Guezzou English translation of al-Wahidi's Asbab al-Nuzul in a free, non-paywalled educational platform. Unblocks An occasions layer in English, if one is ever added. · Follow up 14 Sep 2026 · Email: aalalbayt@aalalbayt.org

Unresolved — nobody has asked

No request exists. Their silence means nothing has been sent; it is not a pending answer and not a refusal.

King Fahd Complex Uthmani (Hafs) — verification witness only unresolved

Edition: as redistributed by fawazahmed0/quran-api
Custodian: King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran
Layer: canonical text
Licence: No licence established
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: unclear
Licence text: NOT READ — could not be retrieved
Located at: https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fawazahmed0/quran-api@1/editions/ara-quranuthmanihaf.json
Assessed: 24 August 2026

NOT CLEARED FOR DISPLAY and never rendered. Held only in verification_texts so that agreement between independent sources is a testable invariant. Its own upstream terms are not established, which is why it may check our text but may not be published from.

On the licence No terms document exists to read. Recorded as unread rather than summarised from reputation.

Quranic Arabic Corpus — morphology unresolved

Edition: Version 0.4 (2011)
Custodian: Kais Dukes; site maintained by the Quran.com team
Layer: metadata
Licence: GNU General Public License, with a contradictory no-derivatives clause
Commercial use: yes
Modification: contradictory
Licence text: read verbatim
Located at: https://corpus.quran.com/download/
Assessed: 24 August 2026

Deliberately not ingested. Note that the licence found is no-derivatives, not the non-commercial one widely assumed.

On the licence The data file names the GPL and then states "CHANGING IT IS NOT ALLOWED". GPLv3 expressly guarantees the right to modify, so the two cannot both be operative. Re-keying morphology to our identifiers would be modification. A licence that cannot be interpreted is not one to build a schema on.

sunnah.com unresolved

Edition: web edition
Custodian: sunnah.com
Layer: traditional
Licence: No licence established
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: unclear
Licence text: NOT READ — could not be retrieved
Located at: https://sunnah.com/about
Assessed: 24 August 2026

[STRUCK 2026-08-26 — wrong about a named organisation, kept visible because this page is the record.] Terms returned HTTP 403 to this host and have never been read. The entire hadith layer waits on this. CORRECTION, 2026-08-26: sunnah.com did not refuse this host. The 403 is a Cloudflare bot challenge (body: Cloudflare's "Just a moment..." interstitial) served to an automated request that cannot run JavaScript; an ordinary browser is not blocked. robots.txt is reachable and permits crawling of all but one path. The terms remain UNREAD and the rights position is unchanged — what is corrected is the reason: not a denial, but a challenge this session could not pass, and did not bypass.

On the licence No terms document exists to read. Recorded as unread rather than summarised from reputation.

Abdel Haleem, The Qur'an unresolved

Edition: Oxford World's Classics, 2004
Custodian: Oxford University Press
Layer: translation
Commercial use: no
Modification: no
Licence text: NOT READ — could not be retrieved
Located at: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-quran-9780199535958
Assessed: 24 August 2026

The standing decision favours licensing one good modern translation over hunting public-domain ones. This is the leading candidate.

On the licence In copyright. Permissions terms are not published and are quoted per request.

Saheeh International, The Qur'an: English Meanings unresolved

Edition: 1997
Custodian: Dar Abul-Qasim, Jeddah
Layer: translation
Licence: No licence established
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: unclear
Licence text: NOT READ — could not be retrieved
Assessed: 24 August 2026

Permissive notices circulate on third-party uploads; none originates from the rights holder.

On the licence No terms document exists to read. Recorded as unread rather than summarised from reputation.

Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an unresolved

Edition: 1934-1938
Custodian: Contested
Layer: translation
Licence: Public domain in some jurisdictions only — US term unexpired
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: unclear
Licence text: not applicable — no licence exists
Assessed: 24 August 2026

The most redistributed English translation in existence. Its ubiquity is not evidence that it is clear; it is evidence that nobody checked.

On the licence No licence exists; the question is term expiry and it has not expired everywhere. Public domain where the term is life+70 (author d. 1953, expired 2024). In the United States, which runs from publication, the 1934 work runs to 2030 at the earliest, and a 1946 US assignment is untraced.

Closed — unusable

Settled against. Not awaiting a reply, and no reply would change it. Shown because a reader seeing what we cannot use is the point.

al-Maktaba al-Shamela closed unusable

Edition: shamela.ws, web edition
Custodian: Shamela
Layer: traditional
Licence: No licence established
Commercial use: unclear
Modification: unclear
Licence text: NOT READ — could not be retrieved
Located at: https://shamela.ws/
Assessed: 24 August 2026

CLOSED - UNUSABLE. No published terms, and no per-text provenance: texts do not carry the edition or printing they were keyed from. Decisively, it is an aggregator and cannot warrant rights it has never traced, so even a generous written permission would grant rights it is not in a position to hold. That is why this is closed rather than pending. Closing it removes the most convenient route to al-Tabari, Ibn Kathir, al-Qurtubi, al-Wahidi and al-Suyuti in Arabic at once; that cost is accepted.

On the licence No terms document exists to read. Recorded as unread rather than summarised from reputation.

The platform carries the Arabic text, English translations and an easy-read line. It does not carry occasion-of-revelation reports, classical commentary (tafsir), or academic-historical readings.

Could not be retrieved

Recorded rather than omitted. A gap written down is a finding; a gap quietly filled is a fabrication.

download qul-pickthall-145 — QUL requires an authenticated account for bulk download: GET https://qul.tarteel.ai/resources/translation/145/download?format=simple_json returned HTTP 401; the page links /users/sign_in. No account was created on the owner's behalf and no auth gate was circumvented.

download sacred-texts-pickthall — GET https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/001.htm returned HTTP 403 behind a Cloudflare interstitial ('Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue'). Not retrieved; no challenge was bypassed.

rights-audit sunnah.com — [STRUCK 2026-08-26 — the sentence that follows was wrong about a named organisation and is kept visible because this page is the record.] https://sunnah.com/about and /developers both returned HTTP 403 to this host. Terms were NOT read, so hadith remains unaudited and uningested. CORRECTION, 2026-08-26: that finding overstated what happened. sunnah.com did not refuse this host. The 403 is a Cloudflare bot challenge — the response body is Cloudflare's "Just a moment..." interstitial, served to an automated request that cannot run JavaScript, and an ordinary browser is not blocked by it. sunnah.com/robots.txt IS reachable and reads, byte-exact, "User-agent: *", "Allow: /", "Disallow: /selectiondata/*" — retrieved 26 Aug 2026 — which permits crawling of everything except one path. robots.txt is a crawling directive and grants NO reuse right, so nothing about the licensing position has changed: the terms have still NOT been read, and hadith remains unaudited and uningested. What is corrected is the reason: not that we were denied, but that we could not pass an automated challenge, and no challenge was bypassed. The official API repository (github.com/sunnah-com/api, read 26 Aug 2026) carries no licence text either.