Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
Talal Itani· published 2012
And wed the singles among you, and those who are fit among your servants and maids. If they are poor, God will enrich them from His bounty. God is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
And marry such of you as are solitary and the pious of your slaves and maid-servants. If they be poor, Allah will enrich them of His bounty. Allah is of amplemeans, Aware
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
And marry the single amongst you, and the righteous among your servants and your handmaidens. If they be poor, God will enrich them of His grace, for God both comprehends and knows
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
And marry those among you who are single, and your good servants, and the handmaidens. If they are poor, God of His bounty will enrich them. God is all-bounteous, Knowing
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
Marry those who are single among you, and such as are honest of your men-servants, and your maid-servants: If they be poor, God will enrich them of his abundance; for God is bounteous and wise
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Other languages (18)Shqip · Albanian
Martojini të pamartuarit e të pamartuarat ndër ju, si dhe robërit e robëreshat tuaja që janë besimtarë. Në qofshin të varfër, Allahu do t'i pasurojë me të mirat e Tij, se Allahu është shumë Bujar dhe i Gjithëdijshëm.
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
আর (হে মু’মিনরা!) তোমরা তোমাদের মধ্যকার অবিবাহিত নারী-পুরুষ ও সৎকর্মশীল দাস-দাসীদের বিবাহ দাও। তারা অভাবী হলে আল্লাহ নিজ অনুগ্রহে তাদেরকে অভাবমুক্ত করে দিবেন। আল্লাহ প্রশস্ত রিযকদাতা ও মহাজ্ঞানী।
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
Udavajte neudate i ženite neoženjene, i čestite robove i robinje svoje; ako su siromašni, Allah će im iz obilja Svog dati. Allah je neizmjerno dobar i sve zna.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
Udavajte neudate i ženite neoženjene, i čestite robove i robinje svoje; ako su siromašni, Allah će im iz obilja Svog dati. Allah je neizmjerno dobar i sve zna.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
Ndesinee ɓe ndesaani ɓeen e mooɗon e moƴƴuɓe ɓen immorde e muccuɓe mooɗon e horɓe mooɗon, si ɓe laatike waasɓe Alla alɗinat ɓe immorde e Ɓural makko ngal, Alla ko o jaacɗo gannduɗo.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
და დააქორწინეთ (ო, მორწმუნენო) თქვენგან დაუქორწინებელნი (როგორც ისინი, ვინც ადრე ქორწინებაში იყვნენ, ისე ისინი, ვინც არასოდეს ყოფილან), და ასევე თქვენი მონებიდან და მხევლებიდან მართალნი [მორწმუნენი]. თუ ისინი ღარიბნი არიან, ეს ქორწინებისთვის დაბრკოლება არ არის, რადგან ალლაჰი თავისი წყალობით გაამდიდრებს მათ. და ალლაჰი ყოვლისმომცველი, ყოვლისმცოდნეა.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
Und verheiratet die noch ledigen (Männer und Frauen) unter euch und die Rechtschaffenen von euren Sklaven und euren Sklavinnen. Wenn sie arm sein sollten, wird Allah sie durch Seine Huld reich machen. Und Allah ist allumfassend und allwissend.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Παντρέψτε τους ανύπαντρους ανάμεσά σας, και τους ευσεβείς από τους σκλάβους και τις σκλάβες σας. Αν είναι φτωχοί, ο Αλλάχ θα τους παρέχει από τη γενναιοδωρία Του. Πράγματι, ο Αλλάχ είναι Ουάσι‘ (Αυτός του Οποίου το έλεος και η γενναιοδωρία επαρκεί για όλους) και ‘Αλείμ (Παντογνώστης).
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
तथा तुम अपने में से अविवाहित पुरुषों तथा स्त्रियों का निकाह कर दो[26], और अपने दासों और अपनी दासियों में से जो सदाचारी हैं उनका भी (विवाह कर दो)। यदि वे निर्धन होंगे, तो अल्लाह उन्हें अपने अनुग्रह से धनी बना देगा। और अल्लाह विस्तार वाला, सब कुछ जानने वाला है।
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
E unitevi con le donne non sposate tra di voi, e coi vostri schiavi e schiave onesti; se sono poveri, Allāh li rende, per Sua grazia, ricchi, e Allāh è Immenso, Sapiente.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
32. Ir tuokitės su tais iš jūsų tarpo, kurie yra vieniši (t. y. vyras, kuris neturi žmonos, ir moteris, kuri neturi sutuoktinio) ir (taip pat tuokitės su) Salihun (dievobaimingais, sveikais ir veiksniais) iš jūsų vergų ir tarnaičių (vergių) tarpo. Jei jie bus vargingi, Allahas praturtins juos iš Savo Dosnumo. Ir Allahas yra Pakankamas Savo kūrinių poreikiams, Visa Žinantis (apie žmonių būsenas).
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
Сочетайте браком тех из вас, кто не состоит в браке, а также праведных из числа ваших рабов и невольниц. Если они бедны, Аллах обогатит их от Своей щедрости. Аллах — объемлющий, знающий.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
Удајте неудате и жените неожењене, и честите робове и своје робиње; ако су сиромашни, Аллах ће им из Свога обиља дати. Аллах је неизмерно дарежљив и све зна.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Na waozeni wajane miongoni mwenu na wema katika watumwa wenu na wajakazi wenu. Wakiwa mafakiri Mwenyezi Mungu atawatajirisha kwa fadhila yake. Na Mwenyezi Mungu ni Mwenye wasaa, Mwenye kujua.
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
Se till att de ogifta bland er gifter sig, och likaså era rättfärdiga tjänare och tjänarinnor. Är de fattiga kommer Gud att skänka dem av sin rikedom. Guds [godhet] och kunskap omfattar allt.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
İçinizden bekârları, köle ve cariyelerinizden salih olanları evlendirin. Eğer fakir iseler, Allah onları lütfu ile zenginleştirir. Allah, (hayrı, ihsanı) geniş/boldur, her şeyi hakkıyla bilendir.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
تم میں سے جو مرد عورت بےنکاح کے ہوں ان کا نکاح کر دو[1] اور اپنے نیک بخت غلام اور لونڈیوں کا بھی[2]۔ اگر وه مفلس بھی ہوں گے تو اللہ تعالیٰ انہیں اپنے فضل سے غنی بنا دے گا[3]۔ اللہ تعالیٰ کشادگی واﻻ اور علم واﻻ ہے.
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
DIN 31635qul lilmuʾminīna yaġuḍḍū min ʾabṣārihim wayaḥfaẓū furūǧahum ḏālika ʾazkā lahum ʾinna llāha ḫabīrun bimā yaṣnaʿūna
Talal Itani2012 Tell the believing men to restrain their looks, and to guard their privates. That is purer for them. God is cognizant of what they do.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Tell the believing men to lower their gaze and be modest. That is purer for them. Lo! Allah is aware of what they do
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Say to the believers that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts; that is purer for them; verily, God is well aware of what they do
John Medows Rodwell1861 Speak unto the believers that they restrain their eyes and observe continence. Thus will they be more pure. God is well aware of what they do
George Sale1734 Speak unto the true believers, that they restrain their eyes, and keep themselves from immodest actions: This will be more pure for them; for God is well acquainted with that which they do
Talal Itani2012 And tell the believing women to restrain their looks, and to guard their privates, and not display their beauty except what is apparent thereof, and to draw their coverings over their breasts, and not expose their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their women, what their right hands possess, their male attendants who have no sexual desires, or children who are not yet aware of the nakedness of women. And they should not strike their feet to draw attention to their hidden beauty. And repent to God, all of you believers, so that you may succeed.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and be modest, and to display of their adornment only that which is apparent, and to draw their veils over their bosoms, and not to reveal their adornment save to their own husbands or fathers or husbands' fathers, or their sons or their husbands' sons, or their brothers or their brothers' sons or sisters' sons, or their women, or their slaves, or male attendants who lack vigour, or children who know naught of women's nakedness. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. And turn unto Allah together, O believers, in order that ye may succeed
Edward Henry Palmer1880 And say to the believing women that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts, and display not their ornaments, except those which are outside; and let them pull their kerchiefs over their bosoms and not display their ornaments save to their husbands and fathers, or the fathers of their husbands, or their sons, or the sons of their husbands, or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or what their right hands possess, or their male attendants who are incapable, or to children who do not note women's nakedness; and that they beat not with their feet that their hidden ornaments may be known;- but turn ye all repentant to God, O ye believers haply ye may prosper
John Medows Rodwell1861 And speak to the believing women that they refrain their eyes, and observe continence; and that they display not their ornaments, except those which are external; and that they throw their veils over their bosoms, and display not their ornaments, except to their husbands or their fathers, or their husbands' fathers, or their sons, or their husbands' sons, or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or their slaves, or male domestics who have no natural force, or to children who note not women's nakedness. And let them not strike their feet together, so as to discover their hidden ornaments. And be ye all turned to God, O ye Believers! that it may be well with you
George Sale1734 And speak unto the believing women, that they restrain their eyes, and preserve their modesty, and discover not their ornaments, except what necessarily appeareth thereof: And let them throw their veils over their bosoms, and not shew their ornaments, unless to their husbands, or their fathers, or their husbands fathers, or their sons, or their husbands sons, or their brothers, or their brothers sons, or their sisters sons, or their women, or the captives which their right-hands shall possess, or unto such men as attend them, and have no need of women, or unto children, who distinguish not the nakedness of women. And let them not make a noise with their feet, that their ornaments which they hide may thereby be discovered. And be ye all turned unto God, O true believers, that ye may be happy
Talal Itani2012 And let those who do not find the means to marry abstain, until God enriches them from His bounty. If any of your servants wish to be freed, grant them their wish, if you recognize some good in them. And give them of God's wealth which he has given you. And do not compel your girls to prostitution, seeking the materials of this life, if they desire to remain chaste. Should anyone compel them-after their compulsion, God is Forgiving and Merciful.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 And let those who cannot find a match keep chaste till Allah give them independence by His grace. And such of your slaves as seek a writing (of emancipation), write it for them if ye are aware of aught of good in them, and bestow upon them of the wealth of Allah which He hath bestowed upon you. Force not your slave-girls to whoredom that ye may seek enjoyment of the life of the world, if they would preserve their chastity. And if one force them, then (unto them), after their compulsion, lo! Allah will be Forgiving, Merciful
Edward Henry Palmer1880 And let those who cannot find a match, until God enriches them of His grace, keep chaste. And such of those whom your right hands possess as crave a writing, write it for them, if ye know any good in them, and give them of the wealth of God which He has given you. And do not compel your slave girls to prostitution, if they desire to keep continent, in order to crave the goods of the life of this world; but he who does compel them, then, verily, God after they are compelled is forgiving, compassionate
John Medows Rodwell1861 And let those who cannot find a match live in continence till God of His bounty shall enrich them. And to those of your slaves who desire a deed of manumission, execute it for them, if ye know good in them, and give them a portion of the wealth of God which He hath given you. Force not your female slaves into sin, in order that ye may gain the casual fruitions of this world, if they wish to preserve their modesty. Yet if any one compel them, then Verily to them, after their compulsion, will God be Forgiving, Merciful
George Sale1734 And let those who find not a match, keep themselves from fornication, until God shall enrich them of his abundance. And unto such of your slaves as desire a written instrument allowing them to redeem themselves on paying a certain sum, write one, if ye know good in them; and give them of the riches of God, which He hath given you. And compel not your maid-servants to prostitute themselves, if they be willing to live chastly; that ye may seek the casual advantage of this present life: But whoever shall compel them thereto, verily God will be gracious and merciful unto such women after their compulsion
Easy-read (simplified)walaqad anzalnaa ilaykum aayaatin mubayyinaatin wamathalan mina lladheena khalaw min qablikum wamaw'izatan lilmuttaqeen
DIN 31635walaqad ʾanzalnā ʾilaykum ʾāyātin mubayyinātin wamaṯalan mina llaḏīna ḫalaw min qablikum wamawʿiẓatan lilmuttaqīna
Talal Itani2012 We have sent down to you clarifying revelations, and examples of those who passed on before you, and advice for the righteous.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 And verily We have sent down for you revelations that make plain, and the example of those who passed away before you. An admonition unto those who ward off (evil)
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Now have we sent down to you manifest signs, and the like of those who have passed away before you, and as an admonition to those who fear
John Medows Rodwell1861 And now have we sent down to you clear signs, and an instance from among those who flourished before you, and a caution for the God-fearing
George Sale1734 And now have We revealed unto you evident signs, and a history like unto some of the histories of those who have gone before you, and an admonition unto the pious
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.53 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.64
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.62
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.62
Talal Itani · George Sale0.57
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.55
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.53
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.51
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.49
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.42
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.36
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.
7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.