7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.
Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
Talal Itani· published 2012
And when he arrived at the waters of Median, he found there a crowd of people drawing water, and he noticed two women waiting on the side. He said, "What is the matter with you?" They said, "We cannot draw water until the shepherds depart, and our father is a very old man."
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
And when he came unto the water of Midian he found there a wholetribe of men, watering. And he found apart from them two women keeping back (their flocks). He said: What aileth you? The two said: We cannot give (our flocks) to drink till the shepherds return from the water; and our father is a very old man
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
And when he went down to the water of Midian he found thereat a nation of people watering their flocks. And he found beside them two women keeping back their flocks. Said he, 'What is your design?' They said, 'We cannot water our flocks until the herdsmen have finished; for our father is a very old man
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
And when he arrived at the water of Madian, he found at it a company of men watering. And he found beside them, two women keeping back their flock: "Why do ye," said he, "thus?" They said "We shall not water till the shepherds shall have driven off; for our father is very aged
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
And when he arrived at the water of Madian, he found about the well a company of men, who were watering their flocks. And he found, besides them, two women, who kept off their sheep at a distance. And he said unto them, what is the matter with you? They answered, we shall not water our flock, until the shepherds shall have driven away theirs; for our father is an old man, stricken in years
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Other languages (18)Shqip · Albanian
E, kur arriti te Pusi i Medjenit, aty gjeti një grumbull njerëzish që po u jepnin ujë bagëtive. Përveç tyre, ai gjeti edhe dy gra që po pengonin bagëtitë e tyre. Ai u tha atyre: "Ç'është puna juaj?" Ato thanë: "Ne nuk u japim ujë bagëtive derisa të largohen barinjtë, ndërkohë babai ynë është plak i moçëm."
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
আর যখন সে মাদইয়ানের পানির (কূপের) নিকট পৌঁছলো, তখন সেখানে একদল লোককে পেল, যারা (পশুদের) পানি পান করাচ্ছে এবং তাদের ছাড়া দু’জন নারীকে পেল, যারা তাদের পশুগুলোকে (কুয়া থেকে দূরে) আগলে রাখছে। মূসা (নারীদ্বয়কে) বললো: ‘তোমাদের ব্যাপার কী’? তারা বললো: ‘আমরা (তাদের সাথে অবাধে মেলামেশার ভয়ে আমাদের পশুগুলোর) পানি পান করাতে পারি না; যতক্ষণ না রাখালরা তাদের (পশুগুলো) নিয়ে সরে যায়। আর আমাদের পিতা অতিবৃদ্ধ।(৪)’
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
A kad stiže do vode medjenske, zateče oko nje mnoge ljude kako napajaju stoku, a malo podalje od njih ugleda dvije žene koje su je od vode odbijale. “Šta vi radite?”, upita on. “Mi ne napajamo dok čobani ne odu”, odgovoriše one, “a otac nam je veoma star.”
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
A kad stiže do vode medjenske, zateče oko nje mnoge ljude kako napajaju stoku, a malo podalje od njih ugleda dvije žene koje su je od vode odbijale. “Što vi radite?” upita on. “Mi ne napajamo dok čobani ne odu,” odgovoriše one, “a otac nam je veoma star.”
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
Nde o hewtunoo ka ɓunndu Madyana, o tawi ɗon dental yimɓe, heɓe njarna [daabeeji maɓɓe], o tawi gaanin maɓɓe, rewɓe ɗiɗo, no sogga [dammi maɓɓe], o maaki: "Ko holɗum habbi-ɗon?" Ɓe mb'i: "Min njarnataa haa aynooɓe ɓen nde'estoo, baaba amen, ko mawɗo nayeejo".
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
და როცა მივიდა [მუსა] მადიანის წყაროსთან, დაინახა ხალხის ბრბო, რომლებიც საქონელს წყალს ასმევდნენ. და მათგან ოდნავ მოშორებით დაინახა ორი ქალი, რომლებიც თავიანთ პირუტყვს აკავებდნენ [წყლისკენ არ უშვებდნენ]. [მუსამ] უთხრა ამ ორ ქალს: «რა გაგჭირვებიათ?» მიუგეს: «ჩვენ არ ვასმევთ [პირუტყვს], სანამ მწყემსები არ წაიყვანენ [თავიანთ საქონელს], ხოლო ჩვენი მამა ხანდაზმული მოხუცია».
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
Als er nun zum Wasser von Madyan kam, fand er dort eine (ganze) Gemeinschaft von Menschen, die (ihr Vieh) tränkten. Und er fand außer ihnen zwei Frauen, die (ihre Tiere vom Wasser) fernhielten. Er sagte: „Was ist mit euch beiden?“ Sie sagten: „Wir tränken (unsere Tiere) nicht, bis die Hirten (ihr Vieh) weggetrieben haben. Und unser Vater ist ein hochbetagter Greis.“
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Όταν έφτασε στο πηγάδι της Μαδιάμ, βρήκε εκεί μία ομάδα ανδρών που έβαλαν τα κοπάδια τους να πιουν, και δίπλα τους βρήκε δύο γυναίκες που κρατούσαν πίσω τα κοπάδια τους. Είπε (στις δύο γυναίκες): «Τι συμβαίνει με σας;» Είπαν: «Δε βάζουμε τα κοπάδια μας να πιουν, μέχρι να πάρουν οι βοσκοί τα κοπάδια τους και να φύγουν, (για να μην αναμειχθούμε με τους άνδρες), και ο πατέρας μας είναι πολύ γέρος (που δεν μπορεί να έρθει ο ίδιος).»
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
और जब वह मदयन के पानी पर पहुँचा, तो उसपर लागों का एक समूह पाया, जो (अपने पशुओं को) पानी पिला रहा था। तथा उनके एक तरफ दो महिलाओं को पाया जो (अपने पशुओं को) रोक रही थीं। उसने कहा : तुम्हारा क्या मामला है? उन दोनों ने कहा : हम पानी नहीं पिलाते यहाँ तक कि चरवाहे (अपने जानवरों को) पिलाकर वापस ले जाएँ और हमारे पिता बहुत बूढ़े हैं।
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
E quando arrivò al pozzo di Medyen, trovò una moltitudine di gente che abbeverava il bestiame e trovò, inoltre, due donne che badavano al loro bestiame. Disse: «Qual è il vostro problema?» Dissero: «Non abbeveriamo il nostro gregge finché non se ne siano allontanati gli altri pastori, e nostro padre è molto vecchio».
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
23. Ir kai jis atvyko prie Madjan (Midian) vandens (šulinio), jis rado ten grupę vyrų girdančių (savo gyvulių bandas), o šalia jų jis rado dvi moteris, kurios laikė atokiau (savo gyvulių bandas). Jis tarė: „Kas jums nutiko?“ Jos tarė: „Mes negalime pagirdyti (savo gyvulių bandų) kol aviganiai nepaims (savo gyvulių bandų). O mūsų tėvas yra labai senas vyras.“
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.8
Afaan Oromoo · Oromo
Yeroma bishaan Madyan bira ga’u garee namoota irraa ta’e kan [beyladoota isaanii] bishaan obaasan argee, isaan boodas dubartoota lama kan beyladoota isaanii ittisan argee “maali haalli keessan (hin obaafattanii)?” (isaaniin) jedhe. Isaanis “Nuti hanga tiksitoonni obaasanii geeffatanitti hin obaafnu, Abbaan keenya jaarsa guddaadha (dhufee obaasuu hindanday)” jedhan.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
И когда он достиг воды Мадьяна, то нашёл у неё группу людей, поивших [свой скот], и увидел неподалёку от них двух женщин, сдерживавших [своих овец]. Он сказал: «В чём ваше дело?» Они сказали: «Мы не напоим [овец], пока пастухи не отгонят [свой скот], ведь наш отец — преклонный старец».
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
А кад стиже до меденске воде, затече око ње групу људи како напајају стоку а мало даље од њих угледа две жене које су је од воде одбијале. „Шта је са вама?“ Упита он. „Ми не напајамо док чобани не отерају стоку!“ Одговорише оне, „а отац нам је веома стар.“
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Na alipoyafikia maji ya Madyana, akakuta umati wa watu wananywesha (wanyama wao), na akakuta karibu yao wanawake wawili wanawazuia wanyama wao. Akasema, "Mna nini?" Wakasema, "Hatunyweshi sisi mpaka wamalize hao wachungaji. Na baba yetu ni mzee sana."
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
När han nått Midjans vattenhål såg han en grupp människor låta [sin boskap] dricka och två kvinnor som höll sin boskap på avstånd. ”Vad står på?” frågade han. De svarade: ”Vi kan inte låta [våra djur] dricka förrän herdarna är klara och vår far är en mycket gammal man.”
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
Medyen suyuna varınca üst tarafında (davarlarını) sulayan bir grup insan buldu. Onların berisinde ise karışmasın diye (koyunlarını) kollayan iki hanım buldu. “Haliniz nedir” dedi. “Çobanlar gidinceye kadar biz sulamayız. Babamız ise çok yaşlı bir ihtiyardır” dediler.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
مدین کے پانی پر جب آپ پہنچے تو دیکھا کہ لوگوں کی ایک جماعت وہاں پانی پلا رہی ہے[1] اور دو عورتیں الگ کھڑی اپنے (جانوروں کو) روکتی ہوئی دکھائی دیں، پوچھا کہ تمہارا کیا حال ہے[2]، وه بولیں کہ جب تک یہ چرواہے واپس نہ لوٹ جائیں ہم پانی نہیں پلاتیں[3] اور ہمارے والد بہت بڑی عمر کے بوڑھے ہیں.[4]
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
DIN 31635faḫaraǧa minhā ḫāʾifan yataraqqabu qāla rabbi naǧǧinī mina l-qawmi ẓ-ẓālimīna
The translators word this verse differently
Talal Itani2012 So he left, fearful and vigilant. He said, "My Lord, deliver me from the wrongdoing people."
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 So he escaped from thence, fearing, vigilant. He said: My Lord! Deliver me from the wrongdoing folk
Edward Henry Palmer1880 So he went forth therefrom, afraid and expectant. Said he, 'Lord, save me from the unjust people
John Medows Rodwell1861 So forth he went from it in fear, looking warily about him. He said, "O Lord, deliver me from the unjust people
George Sale1734 Wherefore he departed out of the city in great fear, looking this way and that, lest he should be pursued. And he said, O Lord, deliver me from the unjust people
DIN 31635fasaqā lahumā ṯumma tawallā ʾilā ẓ-ẓilli faqāla rabbi ʾinnī limā ʾanzalta ʾilayya min ḫayrin faqīrun
Talal Itani2012 So he drew water for them, and then withdrew to the shade, and said, "My Lord, I am in dire need of whatever good you might send down to me."
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 So he watered (their flock) for them. Then he turned aside into the shade, and said: My Lord! I am needy of whatever good Thou sendest down for me
Edward Henry Palmer1880 So he watered for them; then he turned back towards the shade and said, 'My Lord! verily, I stand in need of what Thou sendest down to me of good
John Medows Rodwell1861 So he watered for them - then retired to the shade and said, "O my Lord, of the good thou hast caused me to meet with I stand in need
George Sale1734 So Moses watered their sheep for them; and afterwards retired to the shade, saying, O Lord, verily I stand in need of the good which thou shalt send down unto me
Talal Itani2012 Then, one of the two women approached him, walking bashfully. She said, "My father is calling you, to reward you for drawing water for us." And when he came to him, and told him the story, he said, "Do not fear, you have escaped from the wrongdoing people."
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Then there came unto him one of the two women, walking shyly. She said: Lo! my father biddeth thee, that he may reward thee with a payment for that thou didst water (the flock) for us. Then, when he came unto him and told him the (whole) story, he said: Fear not! Thou hast escaped from the wrongdoing folk
Edward Henry Palmer1880 And one of the two came to him walking modestly; said she, 'Verily; my father calls thee, to reward thee with hire for having watered our flocks for us.' And when he came to him and related to him the story, said he, ' Fear not, thou art safe from the unjust people
John Medows Rodwell1861 And one of them came to him, walking bashfully. Said she, "My father calleth thee, that he may pay thee wages for thy watering for us." And when he came to him and had told him his STORY, "Fear not," said he, "thou hast escaped from an unjust people
George Sale1734 And one of the damsels came unto him, walking bashfully, and said, my father calleth thee, that he may recompence thee for the trouble which thou hast taken in watering our sheep for us. And when he was come unto Shoaib, and had told him the story of his adventures, he said unto him, fear not; thou hast escaped from unjust people
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.62 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.68
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.68
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.66
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.64
Talal Itani · George Sale0.63
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.62
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.61
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.61
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.57
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.52
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.