Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
Say, O God, who possessest the kingdom; thou givest the kingdom unto whom thou wilt, and thou takest away the kingdom from whom thou wilt: Thou exaltest whom thou wilt, and thou humblest whom thou wilt: In thy had is good, for thou art almighty
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Compare translations (4)Talal Itani· published 2012
Say, "O God, Owner of Sovereignty. You grant sovereignty to whom You will, and You strip sovereignty from whom you will. You honor whom you will, and You humiliate whom you will. In Your hand is all goodness. You are Capable of all things."
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
Say: O Allah! Owner of Sovereignty! Thou givest sovereignty unto whom Thou wilt, and Thou withdrawest sovereignty from whom Thou wilt. Thou exaltest whom Thou wilt, and Thou abasest whom Thou wilt. In Thy hand is the good. Lo! Thou art Able to do all things
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
Say, 'O God, Lord of the kingdom! Thou givest the kingdom to whomsoever Thou pleasest, and strippest the kingdom from whomsoever Thou pleasest; Thou honourest whom Thou pleasest, and abasest whom Thou pleasest; in Thy hand is good. Verily, Thou art mighty over all
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
SAY: O God, possessor of all power, thou givest power to whom thou wilt, and from whom thou wilt, thou takest it away! Thou raisest up whom thou wilt, and whom thou wilt thou dost abase! In thy hand is good; for thou art over all things potent
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
Thuaj: "O Allah, o Sunduesi i gjthçkaje! Ti i jep pushtet kujt do dhe ia heq atë kujt do; Ti lartëson kë do dhe poshtëron kë do. Në dorën Tënde është çdo e mirë! Vërtet Ti je i Plotfuqishëm për çdo gjë.
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
তুমি বলো: ‘হে আল্লাহ, আপনি রাজত্বের মালিক। আপনি যাকে চান রাজত্ব দান করেন, আর যার থেকে চান রাজত্ব কেড়ে নেন। আপনি যাকে চান সম্মান দান করেন, আর যাকে চান অপমানিত করেন।(১০) আপনার হাতেই সমস্ত কল্যাণ। নিশ্চয় আপনি সব কিছুর উপর ক্ষমতাবান।
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
Reci: "Allahu moj, Koji svu vlast imaš! Ti vlast daješ kome hoćeš, a oduzimaš od koga Ti hoćeš! Ti uzvisuješ koga hoćeš, a unizuješ koga hoćeš! U Tvojoj ruci je dobro! Ti, doista, nad svime imaš moć."
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
Reci: "Allahu moj! Koji svu vlast imaš! Ti vlast daješ kome hoćeš, a oduzimaš od koga Ti hoćeš! Ti uzvisuješ koga hoćeš, a unizuješ koga hoćeš! U Tvojoj ruci je dobro! Ti, doista, nad svime imaš moć."
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
Maaku: "Yaa Aan Laamɗo Jeyɗo laamu, hiɗa okka laamu on mo muuyu-ɗaa, Hiɗa ɓoora laamu on mo Muuyu-ɗaa, hiɗa teddina on mo muuyu-ɗaa, hiɗa hoyna on mo muuyu-ɗaa. Moƴƴere nden ko e junngo maaɗa woni, pellet, aan e huunde kala, ko a kattanɗo:
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
თქვი (ო, მოციქულო): «ო, ალლაჰ, სამეფოს მფლობელო! შენ აძლევ ძალაუფლებას (და სიმდიდრეს) ვისაც ინებებ, და ართმევ ძალაუფლებას (და სიმდიდრეს) ვისაც ინებებ. შენ აღამაღლებ, ვისაც ინებებ და ამცირებ, ვისაც ინებებ. შენს ხელშია ყოველი სიკეთე; ჭეშმარიტად, შენ ყოვლისშემძლე ხარ ყოველივეზე!»
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
Sag: „O Allah, Herr der (Königs-)Herrschaft, Du gibst die Herrschaft, wem Du willst, und Du entziehst die Herrschaft, wem Du willst. Du verleihst die Macht, wem Du willst, und Du erniedrigst, wen Du willst. In Deiner Hand ist (all) das Gute. Wahrlich, Du hast zu allem die Macht.“
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Πες (ω, Μωχάμμαντ): «Ω, Αλλάχ, Ιδιοκτήτη όλου του Βασιλείου, δίνεις βασίλειο σ' όποιον θέλεις και αφαιρείς βασίλειο απ' όποιον θέλεις. Δίνεις δύναμη (και τιμή) σ' όποιον θέλεις και ταπεινώνεις όποιον θέλεις. Στο Χέρι Σου βρίσκεται όλο το καλό. Στ’ αλήθεια, είσαι για τα πάντα Ικανός.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
(ऐ नबी!) कह दें : ऐ अल्लाह! राज्य के स्वामी! तू जिसे चाहे, राज्य देता है और जिससे चाहे, राज्य छीन लेता है तथा जिसे चाहे, सम्मान देता है और जिसे चाहे, अपमानित कर देता है। तेरे ही हाथ में सारी भलाई है। निःसंदेह तू हर चीज़ पर सर्वशक्तिमान है।[11]
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
Di’: «Allāhumma[28] ﴿اللَّهُمَّ﴾, Detentore del Regno, Tu concedi la sovranità a chi vuoi e la togli a chi vuoi, e onori chi vuoi e umilii chi vuoi: nelle Tue mani c’è tutto il bene! In verità Tu sei Onnipotente!
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
26. Sakyk (Muchammedai ﷺ ): „Allahai, karalystės Valdove, Tu suteiki karalystę tam, kam Tu nori, ir atimi karalystę iš to, ko Tu nori, ir Tu suteiki garbę tam, kam Tu nori, ir Tu pažemini tą, ką Tu nori. Tavo Rankoje [2] yra gėris. Iš tiesų, Tu Gali viską.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.8
Afaan Oromoo · Oromo
(Yaa Muhammad!) (Rabbi faarsaa haala taateen) jedhi: "yaa Rabbii abbaa mootummaa taate! Mootummaa nama feeteef kennita; nama feete irraa immoo mootummaa mulqita, Nama feetes ni jabeessita, Nama feetes ni xiqqeessita, Toltuun hundi harka kee jira. Dhugumatti Ati waan hunda irratti danda’aadha.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
Скажи: «О Аллах, Владыка царства! Ты даруешь власть, кому пожелаешь, и лишаешь власти, кого пожелаешь; возвышаешь, кого пожелаешь, и унижаешь, кого пожелаешь. В Твоей руке — благо. Воистину, Ты всемогущ над всем сущим.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
Реци: „Moj Аллаху! Који сву власт имаш! Ти власт дајеш коме желиш, а одузимаш је од кога Ти желиш! Ти уздижеш кога желиш, а понижаваш кога желиш! У Твојој руци је добро! Ти, заиста, над свиме имаш моћ.“
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Sema: Ewe Mwenyezi Mungu uliye Mmiliki wa ufalme wote! Wewe humpa ufalme umtakaye, na humwondolea ufalme umtakaye. Na humtukuza umtakaye, na humdhalilisha umtakaye. Heri yote iko mkononi mwako. Hakika, Wewe ni Muweza wa kila kitu.
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
Säg: ”Gud, du som äger all makt! Du ger makten till den du vill och tar makten från den du vill. Du upphöjer den du vill och förnedrar den du vill. I din hand finns allt gott. Du har sannerligen makt över allt.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
De ki: Ey hakimiyetin yegane maliki Allah’ım! Mülkü dilediğine verirsin, dilediğinden de mülkü çekip alırsın, dilediğini yükseltir/aziz kılarsın, dilediğini de alçaltır/zelil edersin. Bütün hayır senin elindedir, şüphesiz senin her şeye gücün yeter.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
آپ کہہ دیجئے اے اللہ! اے تمام جہان کے مالک! تو جسے چاہے بادشاہی دے اور جس سے چاہے سلطنت چھین لے اور تو جسے چاہے عزت دے اورجسے چاہے ذلت دے، تیرے ہی ہاتھ میں سب بھلائیاں ہیں[1] ، بے شک تو ہر چیز پر قادر ہے۔
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
Easy-read (simplified)dhaalika bi'annahum qaaloo lan tamassanaa n-naaru illaa ayyaaman ma'doodaatin wagharrahum fee deenihim maa kaanoo yaftaroon
DIN 31635ḏālika biʾannahum qālū lan tamassanā n-nāru ʾillā ʾayyāman maʿdūdātin waġarrahum fī dīnihim mā kānū yaftarūna
Talal Itani2012 That is because they said, "The Fire will not touch us except for a limited number of days." They have been misled in their religion by the lies they fabricated.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 That is because they say: The Fire will not touch us save for a certain number of days. That which they used to invent hath deceived them regarding their religion
Edward Henry Palmer1880 that is because they say the fire shall not touch us save for a certain number of days. But that deceived them in their religion which they had invented
John Medows Rodwell1861 This - because they said, "The fire shall by no means touch us, but for certain days:" - Their own devices have deceived them in their religion
George Sale1734 This they did because they said, the fire of hell shall by no means touch us, but for a certain number of days: And that which they had falsly devised, hath deceived them in their religion
Talal Itani2012 How about when We gather them for a Day in which there is no doubt, and each soul will be paid in full for what it has earned, and they will not be wronged?
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 How (will it be with them) when We have brought them all together to a Day of which there is no doubt, when every soul will be paid in full what it hath earned, and they will not be wronged
Edward Henry Palmer1880 How will it be when we have gathered them together for a day whereof there is no doubt, when each soul shall be paid what it has earned, and they shall not be wronged
John Medows Rodwell1861 But how, when we shall assemble them together for the day of (which) whose coming there is no doubt, and when every soul shall be paid what it hath earned, and they shall not be wronged
George Sale1734 How then will it be with them, when we shall gather them together at the day of judgment, of which there is no doubt; and every soul shall be paid that which it hath gained, neither shall they be treated unjustly
Easy-read (simplified)tooliju llayla fee n-nahaari watooliju n-nahaara fee llayli watukhriju l-hayya mina l-mayyiti watukhriju l-mayyita mina l-hayyi watarzuqu man tashaa'u bighayri hisaab
DIN 31635tūliǧu llayla fī n-nahāri watūliǧu n-nahāra fī llayli watuḫriǧu l-ḥayya mina l-mayyiti watuḫriǧu l-mayyita mina l-ḥayyi watarzuqu man tašāʾu biġayri ḥisābin
Talal Itani2012 "You merge the night into the day, and You merge the day into the night; and you bring the living out of the dead, and You bring the dead out of the living; and You provide for whom you will without measure."
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Thou causest the night to pass into the day, and Thou causest the day to pass into the night. And Thou bringest forth the living from the dead, and Thou bringest forth the dead from the living. And Thou givest sustenance to whom Thou choosest, without stint
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Thou dost turn night to day, and dost turn day to night, and dost bring forth the living from the dead, and dost provide for whom Thou pleasest without taking count
John Medows Rodwell1861 Thou causest the night to pass into the day, and thou causest the day to pass into the night. Thou bringest the living out of the dead, and thou bringest the dead out of the living; and thou givest sustenance to whom thou wilt, without measure
George Sale1734 Thou makest the night to succeed the day: Thou bringest forth the living out of the dead, and thou bringest forth the dead out of the living; and providest food for whom thou wilt without measure
Easy-read (simplified)laa yattakhidhi l-mu'minoona l-kaafireena awliyaa'a min dooni l-mu'mineena waman yaf'al dhaalika falaysa mina llaahi fee shay'in illaa an tattaqoo minhum tuqaatan wayuhadhdhirukumu llaahu nafsahu wa'ilaa llaahi l-maseer
DIN 31635lā yattaḫiḏi l-muʾminūna l-kāfirīna ʾawliyāʾa min dūni l-muʾminīna waman yafʿal ḏālika falaysa mina llāhi fī šayʾin ʾillā ʾan tattaqū minhum tuqātan wayuḥaḏḏirukumu llāhu nafsahu waʾilā llāhi l-maṣīru
The translators word this verse differently
Talal Itani2012 Believers are not to take disbelievers for friends instead of believers. Whoever does that has nothing to do with God, unless it is to protect your own selves against them. God warns you to beware of Him. To God is the destiny.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Let not the believers take disbelievers for their friends in preference to believers. Whoso doeth that hath no connection with Allah unless (it be) that ye but guard yourselves against them, taking (as it were) security. Allah biddeth you beware (only) of Himself. Unto Allah is the journeying
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Those who believe shall not take misbelievers for their patrons, rather than believers, and he who does this has no part with God at all, unless, indeed, ye fear some danger from them. But God bids you beware of Himself, for unto Him your journey is
John Medows Rodwell1861 Let not believers take infidels for their friends rather than believers: whoso shall do this hath nothing to hope from God - unless, indeed, ye fear a fear from them: But God would have you beware of Himself; for to God ye return
George Sale1734 Let not the faithful take the infidels for their protectors, rather than the faithful: He who doth this, shall not be protected of God at all; unless ye fear any danger from them: But God warneth you to beware of himself; for unto God must ye return
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.65 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Talal Itani · George Sale0.81
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.74
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.70
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.65
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.65
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.60
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.59
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.57
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.57
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.57
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.
Sources, editions and licences for everything above
ReceiptsSource fact
7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.