Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
O you who believe! Stand firmly for justice, as witnesses to God, even if against yourselves, or your parents, or your relatives. Whether one is rich or poor, God takescare of both. So do not follow your desires, lest you swerve. If you deviate, or turn away-then God is Aware of what you do.
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
O ye who believe! Be ye staunch in justice, witnesses for Allah, even though it be against yourselves or (your) parents or (your) kindred, whether (the case be of) a rich man or a poor man, for Allah is nearer unto both (them ye are). So follow not passion lest ye lapse (from truth) and if ye lapse or fall away, then lo! Allah is ever Informed of what ye do
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
O ye who believe! be ye steadfast in justice, witnessing before God though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kindred, be it rich or poor, for God is nearer akin than either. Follow not, then, lusts, so as to actpartially; but if ye swerve or turn aside, God of what ye do is well aware
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
O ye who believe! stand fast to justice, when ye bear witness before God, though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kindred, whether the party be rich or poor. God is nearer than you to both. Therefore follow not passion, lest ye swerve from truth. And if ye wrest your testimony or stand aloof, God verily is well aware of what ye do
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
O truebelievers, observe justice when ye bear witness before God, although it be against your selves, or your parents, or relations; whether the party be rich, or whether he be poor; for God is more worthy than them both: Therefore follow not your own lust in bearing testimony, so that ye swerve from justice. And whether ye wrest your evidence, or declinegiving it, God is well acquainted with that which ye do
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Other languages (18)Shqip · Albanian
O besimtarë! Bëhuni zbatues të patundur të drejtësisë, dëshmitarë për hir të Allahut, qoftë dhe kundër vetes ose kundër prindërve e të afërmve tuaj, pavarësisht nëse (ai për të cilin dëshmoni) është i pasur a i varfër, Allahu është më i afërm për ta! Andaj, mos ndiqni ndjenjat e të ndryshoni të vërtetën. Në qoftë se shtrembëroni (të vërtetën) ose shmangeni (nga dëshmimi), dijeni se Allahu e di mirë çfarë veproni.
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
হে মুমিনগণ! তোমরা (সর্বাবস্থায়) ইনসাফের ওপর সুপ্রতিষ্ঠিত থাকো, আল্লাহর সাক্ষী হিসেবে; যদিও তা তোমাদের নিজেদের কিংবা পিতা-মাতার অথবা নিকটাত্মীয়দের বিরুদ্ধে যায়। যদি সে বিত্তশালী হয় কিংবা দরিদ্র, তবে আল্লাহ উভয়ের ঘনিষ্ঠতর। সুতরাং ন্যায়বিচার প্রতিষ্ঠা করতে, তোমরা প্রবৃত্তির অনুসরণ করো না। আর যদি তোমরা (যথোপযুক্তভাবে সাক্ষ্যটিকে আদায় না করে) ঘুরিয়ে-পেঁচিয়ে কথা বলো কিংবা এড়িয়ে যাও, তবে (তোমরা জেনে রেখো যে,) তোমরা যা করো, সে বিষয়ে আল্লাহ সম্যক অবগত।
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
O vi koji vjerujete, budite uvijek pravedni, svjedočite radi Allaha, pa makar to bilo protiv vas samih, ili roditelja i rodbine. Bude li onaj o kome svjedočite bogat ili siromah, pa Allah je preči njima! I ne slijedite strasti, kako ne biste bili nepravedni. A ako budete krivo svjedočili ili svjedočenje izbjegavali, pa Allah, zaista, u potpunosti zna ono što radite.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
O vi koji vjerujete, budite uvijek pravedni, svjedočite radi Allaha, pa makar to bilo protiv vas samih, ili roditelja i rodbine. Bude li onaj o kome svjedočite bogat ili siromah, pa Allah je preči njima! I ne slijedite strasti, kako ne biste bili nepravedni. A ako budete krivo svjedočili ili svjedočenje izbjegavali, pa Allah, zaista, u potpunosti zna ono što radite.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
Eehey mon goomɗinɓe ngonee, ñiiɓuɓe e nunɗal seedeeɓe Alla, hay si ko e dow pittaali mon, maa jipnaaaɓe mon ɓe maa banndiraaɓe ɓe. Si wonii ko o galo maaɗum baaso, ko Alla ɓuri Haan dude e maɓɓe. Wata on njokku mbelaaɗe,mon nde nuunɗoton. Si on mbaylii maa on ɗuurnima, pellet, Alla seeraani kumpitiiɗo ko ngolloton.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
۞ ჰეი, თქვენ, რომელთაც ირწმუნეთ! იყავით მტკიცედ მდგომნი სამართლიანობაზე, ალლაჰის წინაშე დამოწმებით, თუნდაც ეს (მოწმობა) იყოს თქვენი საკუთარი თავის წინააღმდეგ, ან თქვენი მშობლების, ან ახლო ნათესავების წინააღმდეგ. იქნება ის (ვის წინააღმდეგაც მოწმობთ) მდიდარი თუ ღარიბი — ალლაჰი ორივეზე უფრო ახლოსაა (ვიდრე თქვენ). არ გაჰყვეთ ვნებებს, რათა არ გადაუხვიოთ სამართლიანობას. და თუ დაამახინჯებთ (მოწმობაში) [გააყალბებთ ჭეშმარიტებას] ან თავს აარიდებთ (მოწმობას), — ჭეშმარიტად, ალლაჰი მცოდნეა იმისა, რასაც თქვენ აკეთებთ.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
O die ihr glaubt, seid Wahrer der Gerechtigkeit, Zeugen für Allah, auch wenn es gegen euch selbst oder die Eltern oder die nächsten Verwandten sein sollte! Ob er (also der Betreffende) reich oder arm ist, so steht Allah diesen beiden näher. So folgt nicht der Neigung, dass ihr nicht gerecht handelt! Wenn ihr (die Wahrheit) verdreht oder euch (davon) abwendet, so ist Allah gewiss dessen kundig, was ihr tut.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Ω, εσείς που πιστεύετε! Να υποστηρίζετε τη δικαιοσύνη, δίνοντας μαρτυρία για χάρη του Αλλάχ, ακόμα κι αν είναι εναντίον σας ή εναντίων των γονέων σας ή των συγγενών σας. Είτε αυτός (που σχετίζεται με τη μαρτυρία σας) είναι πλούσιος ή φτωχός (ας μην σας επηρεάζει το πόσο πλούσιος ή φτωχός είναι στη μαρτυρία σας), στ' αλήθεια, ο Αλλάχ διευθετεί καλύτερα από σας τα θέματά τους (και γνωρίζει καλύτερα από σας το καλό τους). Μην, λοιπόν, ακολουθείτε τους πόθους (της καρδιάς σας), ώστε να μην αποφύγετε τη δικαιοσύνη. Εάν διαστρεβλώσετε (τη μαρτυρία σας) ή αρνηθείτε (να τη δώσετε), στ’ αλήθεια, ο Αλλάχ γνωρίζει πλήρως ό,τι κάνετε.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
ऐ ईमान वालो! मज़बूती के साथ न्याय पर जम जाने वाले और अल्लाह की प्रसन्नता के लिए गवाही देने वाले बन जाओ। चाहे वह (गवाही) स्वयं तुम्हारे अपने या माता-पिता और रिश्तेदारों के विरुद्ध ही क्यों न हो। यदि कोई धनवान अथवा निर्धन हो, तो अल्लाह उन दोनों (के हित) का अधिक हक़दार है। अतः तुम मन की इच्छा का पालन न करो कि न्याय छोड़ दो। यदि तुम घुमा फिरा के गवाही दोगे या गवाही देने से कतराओगे, तो निःसंदेह अल्लाह तुम्हारे कार्यों से सूचित है।
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
O credenti, siate giusti nel giudicare, testimoni per Allāh, anche contro voi stessi, o i genitori o i parenti, sia verso i ricchi che verso i poveri, e Allāh ha più diritto su di loro. E non seguite la vostra tentazione nel timore di essere ingiusti. E se falsificate i fatti o rifiutate di dare testimonianza, in verità Allāh di ciò che fate è Conoscitore.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
135. O jūs, kurie tikite! Tvirtai laikykitės teisingumo, kaip Allaho liudytojai, net jei tai būtų prieš jus pačius, arba jūsų tėvus, arba jūsų giminaičius, nepriklausomai nuo to, ar jis turtingas ar vargšas, Allahas yra Geresnis abiejų Gynėjas (nei jūs). Taigi, nesekite (savo širdžių) geiduliais, kad nepaklystumėte. O jei jūs iškreipsite savo liudijimą arba atsisakysite jį duoti, iš tiesų, Allahas yra Visada Gerai Žinantis tai, ką jūs darote.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
О вы, которые уверовали! Будьте стойкими в соблюдении справедливости, свидетелями перед Аллахом, даже если это будет против вас самих, родителей или близких родственников. Будь они богаты или бедны — Аллах ближе к ним обоим. Так не следуйте же прихоти, чтобы не отступить от справедливости. А если вы исказите или откажетесь, то воистину, Аллах всегда был [и пребудет] о том, что вы совершаете, сведущим.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
О ви који верујете, будите увек праведни, сведочите ради Аллаха, па макар то било против вас самих, или родитеља и родбине. Свеједно био онај о коме сведочите богат или сиромах, па Аллах је пречи њима! И не следите страсти, како не бисте били неправедни. А ако будете криво сведочили или сведочење избегавали, па Аллах, заиста, у потпуности зна оно што радите.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Enyi mlioamini! Kuweni wenye kusimama imara katika kufanya uadilifu, wenye kushuhudia kwa ajili ya Mwenyezi Mungu, hata kama ni juu ya nafsi zenu, au wazazi wawili na jamaa zenu. Akiwa tajiri au fukara, Mwenyezi Mungu ndiye anayewastahiki zaidi. Basi msifuate matamanio, mkaacha kufanya uadilifu. Na mkiupotoa au mkaupa mgongo, basi Mwenyezi Mungu anajua vyema mnayoyatenda.
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
Troende! Stå orubbligt fast vid rättvisan och bär vittnesmål för Guds skull, även om det skulle vara till nackdel för er själva eller föräldrar och nära anhöriga. Det spelar ingen roll om den det gäller är rik eller fattig – Gud är den som bäst ser deras [verkliga intresse]. Låt därför inte era känslor styra er så att ni handlar orättvist. Och om ni förvränger [vittnesbördet] eller undanhåller det, är Gud väl medveten om vad ni gör.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
Ey iman edenler! Kendiniz, ana babanız ve yakınlarınız aleyhlerine de olsa, Allah için şahit olarak adaleti ayakta tutanlardan olunuz. Zengin olsun fakir olsun doğru şahitlik edin. Allah, her ikisine de sizden daha yakındır. Nefsinizin arzusuna uyarak adaletten ayrılmayın. Eğer (şahitlik konusunda) dilinizi eğip bükerseniz ve (yerine getirmekten) yüz çevirirseniz, şüphesiz Allah yaptıklarınızdan haberdardır.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
اے ایمان والو! عدل وانصاف پر مضبوطی سے جم جانے والے اور خوشنودی موﻻ کے لئے سچی گواہی دینے والے بن جاؤ، گو وه خود تمہارے اپنے خلاف ہو یا اپنے ماں باپ کے یا رشتہ دار عزیزوں کے[1] ، وه شخص اگر امیر ہو تو اور فقیر ہو تو دونوں کے ساتھ اللہ کو زیاده تعلق ہے، اس لئے تم خواہش نفس کے پیچھے پڑ کر انصاف نہ چھوڑ دینا[2] اور اگر تم نے کج بیانی یا پہلو تہی کی[3] تو جان لو کہ جو کچھ تم کرو گے اللہ تعالیٰ اس سے پوری طرح باخبر ہے۔[4]
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
Talal Itani2012 Whoever desires the reward of this world-with God is the reward of this world and the next. God is All-Hearing, All-Seeing.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Whoso desireth the reward of the world, (let him know that) with Allah is the reward of the world and the Hereafter. Allah is ever Hearer, Seer
Edward Henry Palmer1880 He who wishes for a reward in this world,- with God is the reward of this world and of the next, and God both hears and sees
John Medows Rodwell1861 If any one desire the reward of this world, yet with God is the reward of this world and of the next! And God Heareth, Beholdeth
George Sale1734 Whoso desireth the reward of this world, verily with God is the reward of this world, and also of that which is to come; God both heareth and seeth
Talal Itani2012 O you who believe! Believe in God and His messenger, and the Book He sent down to His messenger, and the Book He sent down before. Whoever rejects God, His angels, His Books, His messengers, and the Last Day, has strayed far in error.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 O ye who believe! Believe in Allah and His messenger and the Scripture which He hath revealed unto His messenger, and the Scripture which He revealed aforetime. Whoso disbelieveth in Allah and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers and the Last Day, he verily hath wandered far astray
Edward Henry Palmer1880 O ye who believe! believe in God and His apostles, and the Book which He hath revealed to His Apostle, and the Book which He sent down before; for whoso disbelieves in God, and His angels, and His Apostle, and the last day, has erred a wide error
John Medows Rodwell1861 O ye who believe! believe in God and his Apostle, and the Book which he hath sent down to his Apostle, and the Book which he hath sent down aforetime. Whoever believeth not on God and his Angels and his Books and his Apostles, and in the last day, he verily hath erred with far-gone error
George Sale1734 O true believers, believe in God and his apostle, and the book which he hath caused to descend unto his apostle, and the book which He hath formerly sent down. And whosoever believeth not in God, and his angels, and his scriptures, and his apostles, and the last day, he surely erreth in a wide mistake
Talal Itani2012 Those who believe, then disbelieve, then believe, then disbelieve, then increase in disbelief, God will not forgive them, nor will He guide them to a way.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Lo! those who believe, then disbelieve and then (again) believe, then disbelieve, and then increase in disbelief, Allah will never pardon them, nor will He guide them unto a way
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Verily, those who believe and then misbelieve, and then believe and then misbelieve, and then increase in misbelief, God will never pardon them, nor will He guide them in the path
John Medows Rodwell1861 Verily, they who believed, then became unbelievers, then believed, and again became unbelievers, and then increased their unbelief - it is not God who will forgive them or guide them into the way
George Sale1734 Moreover they who believed, and afterwards became infidels, and then believed again, and after that disbelieved, and increased in infidelity, God will by no means forgive them, nor direct them into the right way
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.62 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Talal Itani · George Sale0.77
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.71
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.71
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.60
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.60
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.59
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.57
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.56
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.55
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.53
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.
Sources, editions and licences for everything above
ReceiptsSource fact
7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.