Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
You will find that the people most hostile towards the believers are the Jews and the polytheists. And you will find that the nearest in affection towards the believers are those who say, "We are Christians." That is because among them are priests and monks, and they are not arrogant.
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
Thou wilt find the most vehement of mankind in hostility to those who believe (to be) the Jews and the idolaters. And thou wilt find the nearest of them in affection to those who believe (to be) those who say: Lo! We are Christians. That is because there are among them priests and monks, and because they are not proud
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
Thou wilt surely find that the strongest in enmity against those who believe are the Jews and the idolaters; and thou wilt find the nearest in love to those who believe to be those who say, 'We are Christians;' that is because there are amongst them priests and monks, and because they are not proud
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
Of all men thou wilt certainly find the Jews, and those who join other gods with God, to be the most intense in hatred of those who believe; and thou shalt certainly find those to be nearest in affection to them who say, "We are Christians." This, because some of them are priests and monks, and because they are free from pride
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
Thou shalt surely find the most violent of all men in enmity against the true believers, to be the Jews, and the idolaters: And thou shalt surely find those among them to be the most inclinable to entertainfriendship for the true believers, who say, we are Christians. This cometh to pass, because there are priests and monks among them; and because they are not elated with pride
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Other languages (18)Shqip · Albanian
Njëmend, ti do të vëresh se njerëzit me armiqësinë më të ashpër ndaj besimtarëve janë hebrenjtë e idhujtarët dhe do të vëresh se më të afërmit në dashuri ndaj besimtarëve janë ata që thonë: "Ne jemi të krishterë." Kjo, se prej tyre ka priftërinj e murgj dhe se ata nuk janë mendjemëdhenj (kundrejt së vërtetës).
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
অবশ্যই তুমি মু'মিনদের জন্য মানুষের মধ্যে কঠোর শত্রুতা পোষণকারী পাবে ইয়াহূদীদেরকে এবং মুশরিকদেরকে। আর মু’মিনদের জন্য বন্ধুত্বে তাদের মধ্যে কাছাকাছি পাবে তাদেরকে, যারা বলে, ‘আমরা নাসারা’। তা এই কারণে যে, তাদের মধ্যে অনেক পণ্ডিত ও সংসারবিরাগী আছে এবং তারা নিশ্চয় অহংকার করে না।
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
Ti ćeš sigurno naći da su onima koji vjeruju najljući neprijatelji jevreji i višebošci; i svakako ćeš naći da su vjernicima najbliži prijatelji oni koji govore: "Mi smo kršćani", zato što među njima ima svećenika i monaha i što se oni ne ohole.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
Ti ćeš sigurno naći da su onima koji vjeruju najljući neprijatelji židovi i mnogobošci; i svakako ćeš naći da su vjernicima najbliži prijatelji oni koji govore: "Mi smo kršćani", zato što među njima ima svećenika i monaha i što se oni ne ohole.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
A tawat wollahi ko ɓuri añde e yimɓe he e wonan de ɓeen gooŋɗinɓe,ko Alyahuuda'en e ɓen sirkooɓe.A taway kadi ko ɓuri ɓe ɓaɗtaade gooɗinɓe ɓen giggol, ko wi'ooɓe ɓe :"minen ko Annasaara".Ɗuum non,ko tawde hino e maɓɓe annduɓe e rewooɓe,e won de kamɓe ɓe mawnintintaako.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
۞ უთუოდ აღმოაჩენ (ო, მოციქულო), რომ მორწმუნეთა მიმართ ყველაზე მეტად მტრულად განწყობილი ადამიანები არიან იუდეველები და ისინი, ვინც მრავალღმერთიანები გახდნენ. და ასევე უთუოდ აღმოაჩენ (ო, მოციქულო), რომ მორწმუნეთა მიმართ სიყვარულით ყველაზე ახლოს დგანან ისინი, ვინც ამბობენ: «ჩვენ ქრისტიანები ვართ!» ეს იმიტომ, რომ მათ შორის არიან მღვდლები და ბერები, და იმიტომაც, რომ ისინი ქედმაღლობას არ ავლენენ.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
Du wirst ganz gewiss vorfinden, dass diejenigen Menschen, die am feindseligsten gegenüber den Gläubigen sind, die Juden und diejenigen sind, die (Allah etwas) beigesellen. Und du wirst ganz gewiss finden, dass diejenigen, die den Gläubigen in Freundschaft am nächsten stehen, diejenigen sind, die sagen: „Wir sind Christen.“ Dies, weil es unter ihnen Priester und Mönche gibt und weil sie sich nicht hochmütig verhalten.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Πράγματι, (ω, Προφήτη) θα βρεις ότι οι πιο εχθρικοί από τους ανθρώπους προς τους πιστούς είναι οι Εβραίοι και οι πολυθεϊστές. Και θα βρεις ότι οι πιο κοντινοί στην στοργή προς τους πιστούς είναι αυτοί που λένε: «Είμαστε Χριστιανοί.» Αυτό γιατί απ' αυτούς υπάρχουν ιερείς και μοναχοί, και δεν είναι αλαζόνες.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
(ऐ नबी!) निश्चय आप उन लोगों के लिए जो ईमान लाए हैं, सब लोगों से अधिक सख़्त दुश्मनी रखने वाले यहूदियों को तथा उन लोगों को पाएँगे, जिन्होंने शिर्क किया। तथा निश्चय आप उन लोगों के लिए जो ईमान लाए हैं, उनमें से मित्रता में सबसे निकट उनको पाएँगे, जिन्होंने कहा निःसंदेह हम ईसाई हैं। यह इसलिए कि निःसंदेह उनमें विद्वान तथा पादरी (उपासक) हैं और इसलिए कि निःसंदेह वे अभिमान[53] नहीं करते।
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
Troverai che, tra la gente, i più accaniti nell’odio per i credenti sono gli ebrei e gli idolatri, e troverai che i più benevoli verso i credenti sono quelli che dissero: “In verità siamo nazareni” ﴿قَالُوا إِنَّا نَصَارَى﴾, ciò perché tra di loro ci sono preti e monaci e perché non si insuperbiscono,
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
82. Iš tiesų, jūs aptiksite priešiškiausius iš žmonių tikintiesiems (musulmonams) esant judėjus ir tuos, kurie yra Al-Mušrikūn [15], ir jūs aptiksite labiausiai mylinčius tikinčiuosius (musulmonus) esant tuos, kurie sako: „Mes krikščionys.“ Taip yra todėl, kad tarp jų yra kunigai ir vienuoliai, ir jie nesididžiuoja.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
Ты непременно обнаружишь, что самые враждебные среди людей к тем, которые уверовали, — иудеи и те, которые придают Аллаху сотоварищей. И ты непременно обнаружишь, что самые расположенные к тем, которые уверовали, — те, которые сказали: «Воистину, мы — христиане!» Это потому, что среди них есть священники и монахи, и потому, что они не превозносятся.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
Ти ћеш сигурно да нађеш да су онима који верују најљући непријатељи јевреји и незнанобошци; и свакако ћеш да нађеш да су верницима најближи пријатељи они који говоре: „Ми смо хришћани“, зато што међу њима има свештеника и монаха и што се они не охоле.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Hakika utawakuta walio na uadui mkubwa mno kuliko watu wote juu ya wale walioamini ni Mayahudi na wale walioshirikisha. Na hakika utawakuta wale wao walio karibu mno kwa mapenzi kwa wale walioamini ni wale waliosema: 'Hakika Sisi ni Manasara.' Hayo ni kwa sababu wapo miongoni mwao makasisi na wamonaki, na kwamba wao hawafanyi kiburi.
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
Du kommer sannerligen att finna att judarna och avgudadyrkarna är de mest fientligt inställda människorna mot de troende. Och du kommer säkerligen att finna att de som säger: ”Vi är kristna” står de troende närmast i tillgivenhet. Så är det därför att det finns präster och munkar bland dem, och därför att de inte visar högmod.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
(Ey Muhammed!) İman edenlere düşmanlık etmede, insanların en şiddetlisinin kesinlikle Yahudiler ile Allah’a ortak koşanlar olduğunu görürsün. Yine onların iman edenlere sevgi bakımından en yakınının da “Biz Hristiyanlarız!” diyenler olduğunu mutlaka görürsün. Çünkü onların içinde keşişler ve rahipler vardır. Onlar büyüklük de taslamazlar.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
یقیناً آپ ایمان والوں کا سب سے زیاده دشمن یہودیوں اور مشرکوں کو پائیں گے[1] اور ایمان والوں سے سب سے زیاده دوستی کے قریب آپ یقیناً انہیں پائیں گے جو اپنے آپ کو نصاریٰ کہتے ہیں، یہ اس لئے کہ ان میں علما اور عبادت کے لئے گوشہ نشین افراد پائے جاتے ہیں اور اس وجہ سے کہ وه تکبر نہیں کرتے۔[2]
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
Talal Itani2012 You will see many of them befriending those who disbelieve. Terrible is what their souls prompts them to do. The wrath of God fell upon them, and in the torment they will remain.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Thou seest many of them making friends with those who disbelieve. Surely ill for them is that which they themselves send on before them: that Allah will be wroth with them and in the doom they will abide
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Thou wilt see many of them taking those who disbelieve for their patrons; evil is that which their souls have sent before them, for God's wrath is on them, and in the torment shall they dwell for aye
John Medows Rodwell1861 Thou shalt see many of them make friends of the infidels. Evil the actions which their own passions have sent on beforehand; for God is angry with them, and in torment shall they abide for ever
George Sale1734 Thou shalt see many of them take for their friends, those who believe not. Woe unto them for what their souls have sent before them, for that God is incensed against them, and they shall remain in torment for ever
Talal Itani2012 Had they believed in God and the Prophet, and in what was revealed to him, they would not have befriended them. But many of them are immoral.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 If they believed in Allah and the Prophet and that which is revealed unto him, they would not choose them for their friends. But many of them are of evil conduct
Edward Henry Palmer1880 But had they believed in God and the prophet, and what was revealed to him, they had not taken these for their patrons; but many of them are evildoers
John Medows Rodwell1861 But, if they had believed in God, and the Prophet, and the Koran which hath been sent down to him, they had not taken them for their friends; but perverse are most of them
George Sale1734 But, if they had believed in God, and the prophet, and that which hath been revealed unto him, they had not taken them for their friends; but many of them are evil doers
Easy-read (simplified)wa'idhaa sami'oo maa unzila ilaa r-rasooli taraa a'yunahum tafeedu mina d-dam'i mimmaa 'arafoo mina l-haqqi yaqooloona rabbanaa aamannaa faktubnaa ma'a sh-shaahideen
DIN 31635waʾiḏā samiʿū mā ʾunzila ʾilā r-rasūli tarā ʾaʿyunahum tafīḍu mina d-damʿi mimmā ʿarafū mina l-ḥaqqi yaqūlūna rabbanā ʾāmannā faktubnā maʿa š-šāhidīna
Talal Itani2012 And when they hear what was revealed to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflowing with tears, as they recognize the truth in it. They say, "Our Lord, we have believed, so count us among the witnesses."
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 When they listen to that which hath been revealed unto the messengers, thou seest their eyes overflow with tears because of their recognition of the Truth. They say: Our Lord, we believe. Inscribe us as among the witnesses
Edward Henry Palmer1880 And when they hear what has been revealed to the prophet, you will see their eyes gush with tears at what they recognise as truth therein; and they will say, 'O our Lord! we believe, so write us down amongst the witnesses
John Medows Rodwell1861 And when they hear that which hath been sent down to the Apostle, thou seest their eyes overflow with tears at the truth they recognise therein, saying, "O our Lord! we believe; write us down therefore with those who bear witness to it
George Sale1734 And when they hear what has been revealed to this Messenger, thou seest their eyes overflow with tears, because of the truth which they have recognized. They say, 'Our Lord, we believe, so write us down among the witnesses
Easy-read (simplified)wamaa lanaa laa nu'minu billaahi wamaa jaa'anaa mina l-haqqi wanatma'u an yudkhilanaa rabbunaa ma'a l-qawmi s-saaliheen
DIN 31635wamā lanā lā nuʾminu billāhi wamā ǧāʾanā mina l-ḥaqqi wanaṭmaʿu ʾan yudḫilanā rabbunā maʿa l-qawmi ṣ-ṣāliḥīna
Talal Itani2012 "And why should we not believe in God, and in the truth that has come to us, and hope that our Lord will include us among the righteous people?"
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 How should we not believe in Allah and that which hath come unto us of the Truth. And (how should we not) hope that our Lord will bring us in along with righteous folk
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Why should we not believe in God and the truth that is given to us, nor desire that our Lord should make us enter with the upright people
John Medows Rodwell1861 And why should we not believe in God, and in the truth which hath come down to us, and crave that our Lord would bring us into Paradise with the Just
George Sale1734 And why should we not believe in God and in the truth which has come to us, while we earnestly wish that our Lord should include us among the righteous people
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.55 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.64
Talal Itani · George Sale0.64
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.62
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.60
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.56
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.55
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.53
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.52
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.48
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.39
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.
Sources, editions and licences for everything above
ReceiptsSource fact
7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.