Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
Talal Itani· published 2012
If you fear a breach between the two, appoint an arbiter from his family and an arbiter from her family. If they wish to reconcile, God will bring them together. God is Knowledgeable, Expert.
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
And if ye fear a breach between them twain (the man and wife), appoint an arbiter from his folk and an arbiter from her folk. If they desire amendmentAllah will make them of one mind. Lo! Allah is ever Knower, Aware
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
And if ye fear a breach between the two, then send a judge from his people and a judge from her people. If they wish for reconciliation, God will arrange between them; verily, God is knowing and aware
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
And if ye fear a breach between man and wife, then send a judge chosen from his family, and a judge chosen from her family: if they are desirous of agreement, God will effect a reconciliation between them; verily, God is knowing, apprised of all
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
And if ye fear a breach between the husband and wife, send a judge out of his family, and a judge out of her family: If they shall desire a reconciliation, God will cause them to agree; for God is knowing and wise
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Other languages (18)Shqip · Albanian
Nëse i druheni armiqësisë ndërmjet tyre, atëherë caktoni një ndërmjetës nga familja e burrit dhe një ndërmjetës nga familja e gruas. Nëse ata të dy duan të pajtohen, Allahu do t'ua bëjë të mundur pajtimin. Në të vërtetë, Allahu është i Gjithëdijshëm dhe Njohës (i qëllimeve që fshehin në zemër).
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
আর তোমরা যদি তাদের উভয়ের মধ্যে বিরোধআশঙ্কা করো তাহলে তোমরা স্বামীর পরিবার থেকে একজন এবং স্ত্রীর পরিবার থেকে একজন সালিশ নিযুক্ত করো। তারা উভয়ে নিষ্পত্তি চাইলে আল্লাহ তাদের মধ্যে মীমাংসার অনুকূল অবস্থা সৃষ্টি করবেন। নিশ্চয় আল্লাহ সর্বজ্ঞ, সর্ববিষয়ে অবহিত।
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
A ako se bojite razdora između njih dvoje, onda pošaljite jednog suca iz njegove, a jednog iz njene porodice. Ako oni žele izmirenje, Allah će ih pomiriti; Allah je, zaista, sveznajući i Onaj Koji sve, i u potpunosti, zna.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
A ako se bojite razdora između njih dvoje, onda pošaljite jednog sudca iz njegove, a jednog iz njene porodice. Ako oni žele izmirenje, Allah će ih pomiriti; Allah je, zaista, sveznajući i Onaj Koji sve, i u potpunosti, zna.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
Si on kulii lurral hakkunde maɓɓe, imminee ñaawoowo immorɗo ka yimɓe gorko on e ñaawoowo immorɗo ka yimɓe debbo on. Si ɓe faandike moƴƴinngol, Alla Hawrindinay hakkunde maɓɓe. Pellet, Alla Laatima gannduɗo, kumpitiiɗo.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
და თუ თქვენ (ო, მეუღლეთა ახლობლებო) შიშობთ უთანხმოებას მათ შორის [ქმარსა და ცოლს შორის], მაშინ გაგზავნეთ შუამავალი ქმრის ოჯახიდან და შუამავალი ცოლის ოჯახიდან (რათა გადაწყვიტონ, რაშია სიკეთე მეუღლეებისთვის). და თუ ისინი [ორი შუამავალი] მოისურვებენ შერიგებას, ალლაჰი შეუწყობს ხელს მათ [მეუღლეებს]. ჭეშმარიტად, ალლაჰი ყოვლისმცოდნე, ყოვლისმცნობია.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
Wenn ihr nun Widerstreit zwischen den beiden (also Mann und seiner Ehefrau) befürchtet, dann setzt einen Richter aus seiner Familie und einen Richter aus ihrer Familie ein. Wenn sie beide (also die beiden Richter) eine Aussöhnung wollen, wird Allah sie beide (also das Ehepaar) in Einklang bringen. Wahrlich, Allah ist allwissend und allkundig.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Αν φοβάστε (ω, συγγενείς των δύο συζύγων) διχόνοια μεταξύ τους (που μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε διαζύγιο), στείλτε έναν (δίκαιο) κριτή από την οικογένειά του, κι έναν (δίκαιο) κριτή από την οικογένειά της: αν και οι δύο τους (κριτές) επιθυμούν διόρθωση (και συμφιλίωση, και διάλεξαν το σωστό και καλό τρόπο γι' αυτό), ο Αλλάχ θα τους συμφιλιώσει (τους δύο συζύγους). Πράγματι, ο Αλλάχ είναι ‘Αλείμ (Παντογνώστης) και Χαμπείρ (Αυτός που γνωρίζει πλήρως τα πάντα).
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
और यदि तुम्हें[31] दोनों के बीच अलगाव का डर हो, तो एक मध्यस्थ पति के घराने से तथा एक मध्यस्थ पत्नी के घराने से नियुक्त करो, यदि दोनों (मध्यस्थ) सुधार करना चाहेंगे, तो अल्लाह दोनों (पति-पत्नी) के बीच मेल का रास्ता निकाल देगा। निःसंदेह अल्लाह सब कुछ जानने वाला और हर चीज़ की ख़बर रखने वाला है।
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
E se temete una lite tra i due, mandate un mediatore tra i suoi e un mediatore dalla parte di lei; se vogliono fare pace, certo Allāh metterà tra loro la concordia, e in verità Allāh è Sapiente, Ben Informato.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
35. Jei jūs baiminatės skyrybų tarp jų poros (vyro ir jo žmonos), paskirkite (du) arbitrus, vieną iš jo šeimos ir kitą iš jos. Jei jie abu nori taikos, Allahas juos sutaikys. Iš tiesų, Allahas yra Visada Visa Žinantis, Geriausiai susipažinęs apie viską.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
Если вы опасаетесь разлада между ними, то отправьте судью из его семьи и судью из её семьи. Если они [оба] пожелают примирения, то Аллах приведёт их к согласию. Воистину, Аллах всегда был [и пребудет] знающим, сведущим.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
А ако се бојите раздора између њих двоје, онда пошаљите једног судију из његове, а једног из њене породице. Ако они желе измирење, Аллах ће да их помири; Аллах је, заиста, свезнајући и све у потпуности зна.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Na mkihofia kuwepo mfarakano baina ya wawili hao, basi mtumeni mpatanishi kutoka kwa jamaa za mume, na mpatanishi kutoka kwa jamaa za mke. Ikiwa wanataka kutengeneza mambo, Mwenyezi Mungu ataleta maafikiano kati yao. Hakika, Mwenyezi Mungu ni Mwenye kujua, Mwenye habari zote.
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
Om ni märker en allvarlig konflikt mellan dem, utse då en skiljeman från hans familj och en skiljeman från hennes familj. Om de vill åstadkomma försoning, kommer Gud att skapa samförstånd mellan dem. Gud är allvetande, väl medveten.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
Eğer karı-kocanın arasının açılmasından endişe ederseniz, erkeğin ailesinden bir hakem, kadının ailesinden bir hakem gönderin. İki taraf (arayı) düzeltmek isterlerse, Allah da onları uzlaştırır. Şüphesiz Allah, hakkıyla bilendir, hakkıyla haberdardır.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
اگر تمہیں میاں بیوی کے درمیان آپس کی ان بن کا خوف ہو تو ایک منصف مرد والوں میں سے اور ایک عورت کے گھر والوں میں سے مقرر کرو[1] ، اگر یہ دونوں صلح کرانا چاہیں گے تو اللہ دونوں میں ملاپ کرا دے گا، یقیناً اللہ تعالیٰ پورے علم واﻻ پوری خبر واﻻ ہے۔
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
Talal Itani2012 To everyone We have assigned beneficiaries in what is left by parents and relatives. Those with whom you have made an agreement, give them their share. God is Witness over all things.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 And unto each We have appointed heirs of that which parents and near kindred leave; and as for those with whom your right hands have made a covenant, give them their due. Lo! Allah is ever Witness over all things
Edward Henry Palmer1880 To every one have we appointed kinsfolk as heirs of what parents and relatives and those with whom ye have joined right hands leave; so give them their portion, for, verily, God is over all a witness
John Medows Rodwell1861 To every one have we appointed kindred, as heirs of what parents and relatives, and those with whom ye have joined right hands in contract, leave. Give therefore, to each their portion. Verily, God witnesseth all things
George Sale1734 We have appointed unto every one kindred, to inherit part of what their parents and relations shall leave at their deaths. And unto those with whom your right hands have made an alliance, give their part of the inheritance; for God is witness of all things
Talal Itani2012 Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, as God has given some of them an advantage over others, and because they spend out of their wealth. The good women are obedient, guarding what God would have them guard. As for those from whom you fear disloyalty, admonish them, and abandon them in their beds, then strike them. But if they obey you, seek no way against them. God is Sublime, Great.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Men are in charge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women). So good women are the obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah hath guarded. As for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge them. Then if they obey you, seek not a way against them. Lo! Allah is ever High, Exalted, Great
Edward Henry Palmer1880 Men stand superior to women in that God hath preferred some of them over others, and in that they expend of their wealth: and the virtuous women, devoted, careful (in their husbands') absence, as God has cared for them. But those whose perverseness ye fear, admonish them and remove them into bed-chambers and beat them; but if they submit to you, then do not seek a way against them; verily, God is high and great
John Medows Rodwell1861 Men are superior to women on account of the qualities with which God hath gifted the one above the other, and on account of the outlay they make from their substance for them. Virtuous women are obedient, careful, during the husband's absence, because God hath of them been careful. But chide those for whose refractoriness ye have cause to fear; remove them into beds apart, and scourage them: but if they are obedient to you, then seek not occasion against them: verily, God is High, Great
George Sale1734 Men shall have the pre-eminence above women, because of those advantages wherein God hath caused the one of them to excel the other, and for that which they expend of their substance in maintaining their wives. The honest women are obedient, careful in the absence of their husbands, for that God preserveth them, by committing them to the care and protection of the men. But those, whose perverseness ye shall be apprehensive of, rebuke; and remove them into separate apartments, and chastise them. But if they shall be obedient unto you, seek not an occasion of quarrel against them; for God is high and great
Talal Itani2012 Worship God, and ascribe no partners to Him, and be good to the parents, and the relatives, and the orphans, and the poor, and the neighbor next door, and the distant neighbor, and the close associate, and the traveler, and your servants. God does not love the arrogant showoff.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 And serve Allah. Ascribe no thing as partner unto Him. (Show) kindness unto parents, and unto near kindred, and orphans, and the needy, and unto the neighbour who is of kin (unto you) and the neighbour who is not of kin, and the fellow-traveller and the wayfarer and (the slaves) whom your right hands possess. Lo! Allah loveth not such as are proud and boastful
Edward Henry Palmer1880 And serve God, and do not associate aught with Him; and to your parents show kindness, and to kindred, and orphans, and the poor, and the neighbour who is akin, and the neighbour who is a stranger, and the companion who is strange, and the son of the road, and what your right hands possess, verily, God loves not him who is proud and boastful
John Medows Rodwell1861 Worship God, and join not aught with Him in worship. Be good to parents, and to kindred, and to orphans, and to the poor, and to a neighbour, whether kinsman or new-comer, and to a fellow traveller, and to the wayfarer, and to the slaves whom your right hands hold; verily, God loveth not the proud, the vain boaster
George Sale1734 Serve God, and associate no creature with him; and shew kindness unto parents, and relations, and orphans, and the poor, and your neighbour who is of kin to you, and also your neighbour who is a stranger, and to your familiar companion, and the traveller, and the captives whom your right hands shall possess
Easy-read (simplified)alladheena yabkhaloona waya'muroona n-naasa bil-bukhli wayaktumoona maa aataahumu llaahu min fadlihi wa'a'tadnaa lilkaafireena 'adhaaban muheenaa
DIN 31635allaḏīna yabḫalūna wayaʾmurūna n-nāsa bil-buḫli wayaktumūna mā ʾātāhumu llāhu min faḍlihi waʾaʿtadnā lilkāfirīna ʿaḏāban muhīnan
The translators word this verse differently
Talal Itani2012 Those who are stingy, and exhort people to stinginess, and conceal what God has given them from His bounty. We have prepared for the disbelievers a disgraceful punishment.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Who hoard their wealth and enjoin avarice on others, and hide that which Allah hath bestowed upon them of His bounty. For disbelievers We prepare a shameful doom
Edward Henry Palmer1880 who are miserly and bid men be miserly too, and who hide what God has given them of His grace;- but we have prepared for the misbelievers shameful woe
John Medows Rodwell1861 Who are niggardly themselves, and bid others be niggards, and hide away what God of his bounty hath given them. We have made ready a shameful chastisement for the unbelievers
George Sale1734 for God loveth not the proud or vainglorious, who are covetous, and recommend covetousness unto men, and conceal that which God of his bounty hath given them, -- we have prepared a shameful punishment for the unbelievers
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.58 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.67
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.65
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.64
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.64
Talal Itani · George Sale0.63
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.61
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.56
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.50
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.49
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.46
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.
7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.