Marked words appear in this translation and in no other English translation of this verse. Common small words and older spellings are not marked. The marks show where the wording differs, not where the meaning does.
Talal Itani· published 2012
Call them after their fathers; that is more equitable with God. But if you do not know their fathers, then your brethren in faith and your friends. There is no blame on you if you err therein, barring what your hearts premeditates. God is Forgiving and Merciful.
Translation Talal Itani, ClearQuran·Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1875–1936 · published 1930
Proclaim their realparentage. That will be more equitable in the sight of Allah. And if ye know not their fathers, then (they are) your brethren in the faith, and your clients. And there is no sin for you in the mistakes that ye make unintentionally, but what your hearts purpose (that will be a sin for you). Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful
Sources
Translation Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·Public domain — copyright term expired
Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran·1930 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Edward Henry Palmer1840–1882 · published 1880
Call them by their fathers' names; that is more just in God's sight; but if ye know not their fathers, then they are your brothers in religion and your clients. There is no crime against you for what mistakes ye make therein; but what your hearts do purposely - but God is ever forgiving and merciful
Sources
Translation Edward Henry Palmer, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
Name them after their fathers: this will be more right before God. But if ye know not who their fathers are, then let them be your brethren in the faith, and your comrades. And unless made with intent of heart, mistakes in this matter shall be no crime in you: for God is Lenient, Merciful
Sources
Translation John Medows Rodwell, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
Call such as are adopted, the sons of their natural fathers: This will be more just in the sight of God. And if ye know not their fathers, let them be as your brethren in religion, and your companions: And it shall be no crime in you, that ye err in this matter; but that shall be criminal which your hearts purposely design; for God is gracious and merciful
Sources
Translation George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·Public domain — copyright term expired
George Sale, English translation of the Qur'an·1734 translation, digital edition of unverified printing·None — public domain work
·Public domain — copyright term expired·retrieved 24 Aug 2026
Other languages (18)Shqip · Albanian
Thirrni ata (të birësuarit) sipas emrave të baballarëve të tyre! Kjo është më e drejtë para Allahut. Por, nëse nuk i njihni baballarët e tyre, atëherë ata janë vëllezërit dhe miqtë tuaj të besimit. Nuk keni gjynah nëse gaboni, por për atë që zemrat tuaja e bëjnë qëllimisht. Allahu është Falës i Madh e Mëshirëplotë.
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
বাংলা · Bengali
তোমরা তাদেরকে তাদের পিতৃ-পরিচয়ে ডাক; আল্লাহর কাছে এটাই অধিক ইনসাফপূর্ণ। আর যদি তোমরা তাদের পিতৃ-পরিচয় না জান, তাহলে তারা তোমাদের দ্বীনি ভাই এবং তোমাদের বন্ধু। আর এ বিষয়ে তোমরা অনিচ্ছাকৃত কোন ভুল করলে তোমাদের কোন পাপ নেই; কিন্তু তোমাদের অন্তরে সংকল্প থাকলে (পাপ হবে)। আর আল্লাহ অধিক ক্ষমাশীল, পরম দয়ালু।
Translated by the team of Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Dawah Association in Rabwah, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.2
Bosanski · Bosnian
Zovite ih po očevima njihovim, to je kod Allaha ispravnije. A ako ne znate imena očeva njihovih, pa braća su vaša po vjeri i štićenici su vaši. Nije grijeh ako u tome pogriješite, grijeh je ako to namjerno učinite; a Allah prašta i samilostan je.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 2.0.4
Hrvatski · Croatian
Zovite ih po očevima njihovim, to je kod Allaha ispravnije. A ako ne znate imena očeva njihovih, pa braća su vaša po vjeri i štićenici su vaši. Nije grijeh ako u tome pogriješite, grijeh je ako to namjerno učinite; a Allah prašta i samilostan je.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Fulfulde · Fulani
Noddiree ɓe baabiraaɓe maɓɓe ɓen: ko ɗuum ɓuri nuunɗude ka Alla. Si tawii non on nganndaa baabiraaɓe maɓɓe ɓeen, haray ko musiɗɓe mon ka diina e heftodiiɓe mon. Bakkaat fawaaki on e ko mboopoton (faayon) e mum, kono (on bakkondinay e) ko faandoriɗon ɓerɗe mon ɗen. Alla laatike kaforoowo, jurmotooɗo otooɗo.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
ქართული · Georgian
მოუხმეთ მათ [შვილობილებს] მათი მამების სახელებით. ეს – უფრო სამართლიანია ალლაჰის წინაშე. ხოლო თუ არ იცით მათი მამები, მაშინ ისინი თქვენი ძმები არიან რწმენაში და თქვენს მიერ [მონობიდან] დახსნილნი. და არ იქნება თქვენზე ცოდვა იმაში, რაშიც თქვენ უნებლიედ შეცდებით (როდესაც ვიღაცას მის ნამდვილ მამას არ მიაკუთვნებთ), ხოლო (ცოდვა იქნება) მხოლოდ იმაში, რასაც თქვენი გულები განიზრახავენ (როდესაც შეგნებულად უწოდებთ სხვის შვილს თქვენს შვილს). და ალლაჰი მიმტევებელი, მწყალობელია.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.7
Deutsch · German
Ruft (und nennt) sie nach ihren Vätern; das ist gerechter vor Allah. Wenn ihr aber ihre Väter nicht kennt, dann sind sie eure Brüder in der Religion und eure Schützlinge. Und es ist für euch kein Vergehen in dem, was ihr an Fehlern begeht, sondern was eure Herzen vorsätzlich anstreben. Und Allah ist allvergebend und barmherzig.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.15
Ελληνικά · Greek
Αποκαλέστε τους (υιοθετημένους γιους) με τα επίθετα των πατέρων τους (και όχι με τα επίθετά σας), αυτό είναι πιο δίκαιο ενώπιον του Αλλάχ. Αλλά αν δε γνωρίζετε τους πατέρες τους, τότε (οι υιοθετημένοι γιοι σας) είναι αδέλφια σας στη θρησκεία και απελευθερωμένοι δούλοι σας (με τους οποίους έχετε στενή σχέση, σαν της συγγένειας, και έτσι φωνάξτε τους «αδελφέ» ή με το όνομά τους χωρίς να τους δώσετε τα επίθετά σας). Δεν υπάρχει αμαρτία σε σας γι' αυτό που κάνετε κατά λάθος (το να τους αποκαλέσετε κατά λάθος με το επίθετο εκείνων που τους υιοθέτησαν), αλλά (θα υπάρχει αμαρτία σε σας) για ό,τι κάνετε με σκόπιμη πρόθεση στην καρδιά σας. Πράγματι, ο Αλλάχ είναι Γαφούρ (Αυτός που συγχωρεί τα πάντα) και Ραχείμ (Πολυεύσπλαχνος).
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
हिन्दी · Hindi
उन्हें उनके बापों की ओर मनसूब करके पुकारो। यह अल्लाह के निकट अधिक न्याय की बात है और यदि तुम उनके बापों को न जानो, तो वे तुम्हारे धार्मिक भाई तथा तुम्हारे मित्र हैं। और तुमपर उसमें कोई दोष नहीं है, जो ग़लती से हो जाए, लेकिन (उसमें दोष है) जो दिल के इरादे से करो। तथा अल्लाह अत्यंत क्षमाशील, अति दयावान् है।
Translated by Azizul Haq Al-Omari
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.5
Italiano · Italian
Attribuiteli ai loro padri: ciò è più giusto presso Allāh. E se non conoscete i loro padri, considerateli vostri fratelli nella fede, e vostri protetti. E non avete colpa per i vostri errori, ma per ciò che i vostri cuori fanno intenzionalmente. E Allāh è Perdonatore, Misericordioso.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Lietuvių · Lithuanian
5. Kvieskite juos (įsūnius) jų tėvų (vardais): tai yra teisingiau pagal Allahą. Tačiau jei jūs nežinote jų tėvų (vardų, kvieskite juos) jūsų tikėjimo broliais ir Mavalikum (jūsų išlaisvintais vergais). Ir nėra nuodėmės jums dėl to, kame jūs klydote, išskyrus dėl to, ką jūsų širdys tyčia ketino. Ir Allahas yra Visada Atleidžiantis, Gailestingiausiasis.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.0
Русский · Russian
Зовите их по [именам] их отцов, это — справедливее у Аллаха. Если же вы не знаете их отцов, то они — ваши братья в религии и ваши вольноотпущенники. И нет на вас греха в том, в чём вы ошиблись, но [грех — в] том, на что вознамерились ваши сердца. И Аллах всегда был [и пребудет] прощающим, милующим.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.1
Српски · Serbian
Зовите их по њиховим очевима, то је код Аллаха праведније! А ако не знате њихове очеве, па они су ваша браћа по вери и ваши штићеници. Није вам грех ако у томе погрешите, грех је ако то намерно учините; а Аллах опрашта грехе и милостив је.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
Kiswahili · Swahili
Waiteni kwa baba zao, maana huo ndio uadilifu zaidi mbele ya Mwenyezi Mungu. Na ikiwa hamuwajui baba zao, basi ni ndugu zenu katika Dini, na rafiki zenu. Wala si lawama juu yenu kwa mlivyokosea. Lakini ipo lawama katika yale ziliyofanya nyoyo zenu kwa makusudi. Na Mwenyezi Mungu ni Mwenye kusamehe, Mwenye kurehemu.
Issued by the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.5
Svenska · Swedish
Ge [adoptivbarnen] deras riktiga fäders namn; det är mest rätt inför Gud. Om ni inte vet vilka deras fäder är så är de dock era bröder i tron, och era bundsförvanter. Ni syndar inte genom sådant ni gör av misstag men däremot genom det som era hjärtan medvetet avser. Gud är ständigt förlåtande, barmhärtig.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.2
Türkçe · Turkish
Evlatlıkları, babalarına nispet ederek çağırın. Bu, Allah katında daha adaletlidir. Eğer onların babalarını bilmiyorsanız, artık onlar sizin din kardeşleriniz ve dostlarınızdır. Hata ile yaptığınız bir işte size hiçbir günah yoktur. Fakat kasten yaptığınız şeylerde size günah vardır. Allah; çokça bağışlayandır, çokça merhamet edendir.
Translated by the team of the Rowwad Translation Center, in cooperation with the Rabwah Dawah Association, the Islamic Content Service Association in Languages, and the IslamHouse.com website.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.0.4
اردو · Urdu
لے پالکوں کو ان کے (حقیقی) باپوں کی طرف نسبت کر کے بلاؤ اللہ کے نزدیک پورا انصاف یہی[1] ہے۔ پھر اگر تمہیں ان کے (حقیقی) باپوں کا علم ہی نہ ہو تو وه تمہارے دینی بھائی اور دوست ہیں[2]، تم سے بھول چوک میں جو کچھ ہو جائے اس میں تم پر کوئی گناه نہیں[3]، البتہ گناه وه ہے جس کا تم اراده دل سے کرو[4]۔ اللہ تعالیٰ بڑا ہی بخشنے واﻻ مہربان ہے.
Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Junagarhi, developed under the supervision of the Rowwad Translation Center. The original translation is available for the purpose of expressing opinion, evaluation, and continuous development.
From QuranEnc.com, version 1.1.3
About these translations
5 cleared translations, newest first, by year of publication, so the modern English comes before the historical ones. That is an ordering by date, not a judgement. Each is shown complete — this platform never excerpts a translation — and each renders under its translator's name. No translation here is marked as the correct one.
Which translations appear here is set by copyright: they are the ones whose rights could be documented and cleared. The selection is not a judgement that these are the best.
About easy-read
Easy-read
Easy-read is a simplified pronunciation,
not authoritative — a rule-by-rule romanisation, not a reading.
Each verse ends in its pause form, as it is said when you stop there. Pauses inside a verse and other tajwid rules are not shown. It is derived from the Tanzil
Simple edition, while the Arabic above is the
Uthmani edition; both are cleared, but they are not the
same edition and their orthography differs.
Talal Itani2012 God did not place two hearts inside any man's body. Nor did He make your wives whom you equate with your mothers, your actual mothers. Nor did He make your adopted sons, your actual sons. These are your words coming out of your mouths. God speaks the truth, and guides to the path.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 Allah hath not assigned unto any man two hearts within his body, nor hath He made your wives whom ye declare (to be your mothers) your mothers, nor hath He made those whom ye claim (to be your sons) your sons. This is but a saying of your mouths. But Allah saith the truth and He showeth the way
Edward Henry Palmer1880 God has not made for any man two hearts in his inside; nor has He made your wives,- whom you back away from,- your real mothers; nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons. That is what ye speak with your mouths; but God speaks the truth and He guides to the path
John Medows Rodwell1861 God hath not given a man two hearts within him; neither hath he made your wives whom ye divorce to be as your mothers; nor hath he made your adopted sons to be as your own sons. Such words are indeed in your mouths; but God speaketh the truth, and in the right way He guideth
George Sale1734 God hath not given a man two hearts within him; neither hath he made your wives -- some of whom ye divorce, regarding them thereafters as your mothers -- your true mothers; nor hath he made your adopted sons your true sons. This is your saying in your mouths: But God speaketh the truth ; and he directeth the right way
Easy-read (simplified)an-nabiyyu awlaa bil-mu'mineena min anfusihim wa'azwaajuhu ummahaatuhum wa'ooloo l-'arhaami ba'duhum awlaa biba'din fee kitaabi llaahi mina l-mu'mineena wal-muhaajireena illaa an taf'aloo ilaa awliyaa'ikum ma'roofan kaana dhaalika fee l-kitaabi mastooraa
DIN 31635an-nabiyyu ʾawlā bil-muʾminīna min ʾanfusihim waʾazwāǧuhu ʾummahātuhum waʾūlū l-ʾarḥāmi baʿḍuhum ʾawlā bibaʿḍin fī kitābi llāhi mina l-muʾminīna wal-muhāǧirīna ʾillā ʾan tafʿalū ʾilā ʾawliyāʾikum maʿrūfan kāna ḏālika fī l-kitābi masṭūran
Talal Itani2012 The Prophet is more caring of the believers than they are of themselves, and his wives are mothers to them. And blood-relatives are closer to one another in God's Book than the believers or the emigrants, though you should do good to your friends. That is inscribed in the Book.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 The Prophet is closer to the believers than their selves, and his wives are (as) their mothers. And the owners of kinship are closer one to another in the ordinance of Allah than (other) believers and the fugitives (who fled from Mecca), except that ye should do kindness to your friends. This is written in the Book (of nature)
Edward Henry Palmer1880 The prophet is nearer of kin to the believers than themselves, and his wives are their mothers. And blood relations are nearer in kin to each other by the Book of God than the believers and those who fled; only your doing kindness to your kindred, that is traced in the Book
John Medows Rodwell1861 Nearer of kin to the faithful is the Prophet, than they are to their own selves. His wives are their mothers. According to the Book of God, they who are related by blood, are nearer the one to the other than other believers, and than those who have fled their country for the cause of God: but whatever kindness ye shew to your kindred, shall be noted down in the Book
George Sale1734 The prophet is nigher unto the true believers than their own souls; and his wives are their mothers. Those who are related by consanguinity are nigher of kin the one of them unto the others, according to the book of God, than the other true believers, and the Mohajerun: Unless that ye do what is fitting and reasonable to your relations in general. This is written in the book of God
DIN 31635waʾiḏ ʾaḫaḏnā mina n-nabiyyīna mīṯāqahum waminka wamin nūḥin waʾibrāhīma wamūsā waʿīsā bni maryama waʾaḫaḏnā minhum mīṯāqan ġalīẓan
Talal Itani2012 Recall that We received a pledge from the prophets, and from you, and from Noah, and Abraham, and Moses, and Jesus son of Mary. We received from them a solemn pledge.
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall1930 And when We exacted a covenant from the prophets, and from thee (O Muhammad) and from Noah and Abraham and Moses and Jesus son of Mary. We took from them a solemn covenant
Edward Henry Palmer1880 And when we took of the prophets their compact, from thee and from Noah, and Abraham, and Moses, and Jesus the son of Mary, and took of them a rigid compact
John Medows Rodwell1861 And remember that we have entered into covenant with the Prophets, and with thee, and with Noah, and Abraham, and Moses, and Jesus, Son of Mary: and we formed with them a strict covenant
George Sale1734 Remember when we accepted their covenant from the prophets, and from thee, O Mohammed, and from Noah, and Abraham, and Moses, and Jesus the son of Mary, and received from them a firm covenant
These figures count the words the translations share. They measure wording, not meaning, and they do not say which translation is right.
Derived measure: mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the
lowercased word sets of the 5 renderings above —
0.60 on a scale
where 0 means identical wording and 1 means no shared words. It is
computed, not judged.
The page says a verse is worded differently only above the cut below. The cut is a stated convention, not a property of the text, and it can be changed.
The cut
0.644
Share of measured verses above it
33%
Verses above it
2,079
Verses measured
6,236
Edward Henry Palmer · John Medows Rodwell0.67
Talal Itani · George Sale0.67
Talal Itani · John Medows Rodwell0.64
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · George Sale0.63
Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall · John Medows Rodwell0.60
Talal Itani · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.60
Edward Henry Palmer · George Sale0.58
Talal Itani · Edward Henry Palmer0.55
John Medows Rodwell · George Sale0.54
Edward Henry Palmer · Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall0.51
One bar per pair of renderings, longest bar for the pair
sharing fewest words. Every pair is shown; none is singled out.
Method Wording differences — derived 13 September 2026
Method
Mean pairwise Jaccard distance over the lowercased word sets of the cleared translations of each verse. A verse is marked as worded differently when its score falls in the top third of the corpus — the cut set out in Analysis details.
As at
13 September 2026, 10:56 UTC
Gate
verify/divergence_gate.py re-derives and fails on drift
The platform does not say which is right, and does not
characterise what the difference means. The renderings are placed
together so the difference is visible; reading it is the reader's work.
7 sources
stand behind this page. Each is listed once, in the order the page first
cites it, with the licence it was cleared under and what was actually read.
Nothing on this page rests on a source that is not here.
Source Tanzil Qur'an text (Uthmani) · Uthmani, Version 1.1
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Licence read verbatim from the block embedded in this very file. Ingested exactly as shipped: no normalisation, no stripping of marks, no Unicode recomposition.
Parsed structurally from the EPUB: an h3 names the surah, one p per verse with its number in its own span. An unnumbered p is the basmala and is not a verse, except in surah 1 where the basmala IS verse 1. 112 unnumbered paragraphs were found, which is 114 surahs less surah 1 and surah 9. Text is stored VERBATIM: NFC normalisation and XML entity unescaping only, because CC BY-ND forbids modification.
CLEARED on a licence read first-hand from the translator's own download page, not from an aggregator. Tanzil also hosts this translation, but under a blanket "non-commercial purposes only" term that directs the user to the translator or publisher for permission - a hosting disclaimer, not a grant - so the grant was taken from the licensor directly. The "God" edition was ingested; ClearQuran also publishes an "Allah" edition, differing in how the divine name is rendered, which is not ingested.
CLEARED ON THE WORK, WITH TWO RECORDED CAVEATS ON THIS COPY. (1) Rights basis is the expired copyright term, NOT the redistributing repository's licence. That repository dedicates its contents to the public domain under the Unlicense while also redistributing plainly in-copyright translations (Abdel Haleem, Saheeh International, The Study Quran), so it is dedicating rights it cannot hold and its blanket grant is not relied upon here. (2) The file declares its own upstream as tanzil.net, and Tanzil attaches a non-commercial condition to its TRANSLATION distributions, though not to its Qur'anic text. Since Pickthall's copyright has expired, nobody holds rights in these words and no licence is required from anyone; Tanzil's terms are a contract binding those who download from Tanzil, which we did not. The chain is nonetheless not spotless and Anwar may prefer a clean digitisation of the 1930 printing. NOT VERIFIED: that this digital text matches the 1930 first printing rather than a later revised edition. No page images were collated. Recorded as unverified rather than presented as established. SERVED TEXT DIFFERS FROM THE CITED FILE AT ONE VERSE, 37:97: the file reads "red-hotfire" (a glued token, also in Gutenberg #16955); the served row reads "red-hot fire", restored 2026-09-13 from Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (London: George Allen & Unwin, printed for Alfred A. Knopf; 1930), p. 460, XXXVII 97 - scan archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.216140, PDF page 475; banked data/derivation-sources/pickthall-1930-dli-2015.216140-text.pdf (sha256 70e81146c97fa3a590243a82e04e349108546074787e2551a78c616202138870) on Anwar Malik's grant.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is not stated by the redistributor and the printing is unverified. No statement of purpose is recorded for Palmer because none was sourced from his own preface in this pass; nothing is asserted on his behalf.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. TWO edition caveats. (1) The upstream is not stated by the redistributor. (2) Rodwell's own edition PRESENTS THE SURAHS IN HIS OWN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, not the mushaf order — he says so in his preface. This digital text is keyed to mushaf order, so it derives from a restored-order printing (such as the Everyman edition) rather than from Rodwell's own arrangement. Which printing is not stated and has not been established.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 verses, keyed to mushaf order. The
bismillah is not fused into ayah 1: 1:1 carries it and no other verse
does. Verified against content check C3 at ingest.
CLEARED ON THE WORK. Term expired by every measure. The digital edition's upstream is NOT STATED by the redistributor, so the printing it represents is unverified; Sale's text was reprinted and re-edited many times between 1734 and 1900. Recorded as unverified rather than assumed to be the first edition.
Hafs/Kufan verse numbering, 6236 ayahs. The bismillah is delivered as a separate `bismillah` attribute on ayah 1 and is NOT fused into the ayah text. 112 surahs carry one: every surah except al-Fatiha, where the bismillah is ayah 1:1 itself, and at-Tawba, which has none. Sourced from the XML output; the plain-text output of the same release DOES fuse it, which is defect D1.
CLEARED. Parallel edition, held in ayah_text_variants. It sits alongside the Uthmani spine for search normalisation and is never used to correct it.